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1. What is socialization?. Acquisition ofBeliefsValuesBehaviorsWho/what socializes children?- Parents, peers, school teachers, clergy, etc. - Institutions. 1. What is socialization?. Socialization has three important functions:Regulates behaviorPromotes individual growthPerpetuates s
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1. Social Development, Chapter 2:Classical Theories Socialization
Theories
Freud
Erikson
Watson
Skinner
Bandura
Piaget
2. 1. What is socialization? Acquisition of
Beliefs
Values
Behaviors
Who/what socializes children?
- Parents, peers, school teachers, clergy, etc.
- Institutions
3. 1. What is socialization? Socialization has three important functions:
Regulates behavior
Promotes individual growth
Perpetuates social order
4. 2. Theories: What do we want them to do? There is nothing as practical as a good theory. --Kurt Lewin
What do we want our theories to do?
5. 3. Freuds Theory A theory of psychosexual development
Maturation of the sex instinct
Thinks humans are driven by unconscious motives
6. 3. Freuds Theory Instinct
Inborn biological force that motivates responses
Repression
Motivated forgetting
Thoughts that produce anxiety are forced out of conscious awareness
7. 3. Freuds Theory Three components of personality
Id
Inborn component; driven by instinct
Ego
Rational component; ego matures
Superego
Internalized moral standards; between ages 3 and 6
Eros
Life instinct
Thanatos
Death instinct
8. 3. Freuds Methods Practicing neurologist
Hypnosis
Free association
Dream analysis
Indicate repressed motives ThrThr
9. Freuds stages of psychosexual development Oral: birth to one year
Anal: 1-3 years
Phallic: 3 -6 years
Latency: 6-12 years
Genital: adolescence and up
10. 3. Contributions of Freuds theory Idea of unconscious motivation
Impact of early experience
Idea that children have sexual energy
Emotional side of human development
Loves, fears, anxieties, etc.
11. 3. Criticisms of Freuds theory Testability
Not much evidence that psychosexual conflicts predict personality development
Small numbers of subjects
12. 4. Eriksons theory A theory of psychosocial development
13. 4. Erikson Also a stage theory
Each stage carries a specific developmental task
Goes beyond Freuds theory
Includes 8 stages instead of 5; covers adulthood
Also holds that children and adults are actively adapting to the environment
14. Overview of Eriksons stages: Trust vs. mistrust: birth to one year
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: 1-3 years
Initiative vs. guilt: 3-6 years
Industry vs. inferiority:6-12 years
Ego identity vs. role diffusion: adolescence (12-20)
Intimacy vs. isolation: Young adulthood (20 - 40)
Generativity vs. stagnation: Middle adulthood (40 - 65)
Ego integrity vs. despair: Late adulthood (old age)
15. Eriksons Stages Trust vs. mistrust (Birth to 1 year)
Trust others to care for your needs
Mother is key social agent
16. Eriksons Stages 2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3 years)
Learn to be independent, e.g., feed and dress self
If cant, feel ashamed
Parents are key social agents
17. Eriksons Stages 3. Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years)
Accept responsibilities that may be too hard to handle
Goals may be in conflict with family members
Child must have initiative but not impinge on others feelings
Family is key social agent
18. Eriksons Stages 4. Industry vs. inferiority (6- 12 years)
Master social and academic skills.
Compares self with peers
Goal of stage is self-assurance
Teachers and peers become more important social agents
19. Eriksons Stages Identity vs. role confusion (12-20 years)
Crossroad between childhood and maturity
Who am I?
Establish social and occupational identities
Peers are key social agents
20. Eriksons Stages Intimacy vs. isolation (20-40 years)
Form friendships and achieve love and companionship
Lovers, spouses, and close friends are key social agents
21. Eriksons Stages Generativity vs. stagnation (40-60 years)
Must become productive in work and raising family or helping younger generation
Giving back
Standards are culturally defined
Spouse, children, and social norms are key social agents
22. Eriksons Stages Ego integrity vs. despair (60-80 years)
Look back and view life as meaningful and happy or disappointing
Fulfilled or unfulfilled promises? Goals?
Life experiences determine the outcome of this crisis
23. Contributions and Criticisms of Eriksons Theory Positive: Rational, adaptive point of view
Negative: doesnt really explain mechanisms of development
24. 5. The learning perspective: Watson Behaviorism
Starts with John Watson
First social learning theorist
Thought that he could mold a child into anything he wanted to
Child is viewed as a tabula rasa
Illustrated that fears are easily learned
Little Albert and the white rat
25. 6. Skinner Operant conditioning
Children learn to operate on environment or to engage in behaviors because of their effects
Positive and negative reinforcers
Reinforcer: consequence of an act that increases likelihood of behavior
e.g., aggressive behavior may be reinforced because peers give in to it
Punishment
26. 7. Bandura Social cognitive theory
Bandura
Observational learning
27. 7. Banduras Bobo Doll Experiment Children watched a film of an adult model behaving aggressively with a Bobo doll
Three experimental conditions
Model-rewarded condition
Model-punished condition
No-consequence condition
28. 7. Banduras Bobo Doll Experiment Two kinds of tests
Performance test
Learning test
Findings?
Performance test: children who saw model punished were less likely to imitate.
Learning test: no difference in conditions. All children had learned and could reproduce the aggression when offered a reward.
29. Important relation of Banduras theory to cognitive development: Imitation
Banduras studies show that children will imitate what they see on TV
Implications?
30. Important relation of Banduras theory to cognitive development: Imitation Meltzoff in maternity wards
(Meltzoff & Moore, 1977)
32. Important relation of Banduras theory to cognitive development: Imitation Meltzoff (1988)
14-month-olds imitated simple action of something they had seen on TV 24-hours before
2-year-olds imitative complex actions if they understand the models reasons for doing them
33. 7. Important relation of Banduras theory to language development Verbal mediators
Verbal encoding of modeled behavior that observer stores in memory
Indicates deeper level of processing
Develops with verbal ability
Coates and Hartup (1969)
Showed a film to 4-5 year-olds and 7-8 year-olds
Some told to describe actions they saw (active)
Others told just to watch (passive)
34. Verbal mediators
35. Verbal Mediators Shaffer suggests that 7-8 year-olds use verbal labels to describe what they see, but is there another explanation?
Verbal processing probably helps in retention
36. 8. Piaget Most Important Principles in Piagets Theory
The mind is dynamic
The mind is organized
37. 8. Piaget Basic concepts:
Scheme
Adaptation: assimilation and accommodation
Equilibration
38. Piagets stages of development Sensorimotor: birth to two years
Preoperational: 2-6 or 7 years
Concrete operational: 6 or 7 - 12 years
Formal operational: 12 years and up
39. More-advanced Piagetian concepts Operation
Centration
Beaker task
Class inclusion
Conservation
Reversibility
Compensation
42. Egocentrism in development Preschoolers
Examined with spatial perspective taking
Adolescents
Imaginary audience
Personal fable
Adults?