Strategic Entrepreneurship

1. Strategic Entrepreneurship BA 495.009 Chapter Thirteen

2. Today’s Agenda • Strategic Entrepreneurship • Definitions • Funding Sources • International Entrepreneurship • Innovation Process • Model of Internal Corporate Venturing • Implementing Internal Innovations • Other Innovation Strategies • Wrap-up

3. Strategic Entrepreneurship

4. Strategic Entrepreneurship • Strategic Entrepreneurship • Taking entrepreneurial actions using a strategic perspective. • Discovery of profitable opportunities in external environment • Implementation of strategy that exploits these opportunities • Engaging in simultaneous opportunity seeking and competitive advantage seeking behaviors. • Designing and implementing entrepreneurial strategies to create value and wealth. • Entrepreneurship can be applied • To individual business owners • To corporations

5. Strategic Entrepreneurship and Innovation • Entrepreneurship is concerned with: • Developing new products and services • Introducing existing products and services to new markets • Developing innovative processes and systems within the firm • Firms that encourage entrepreneurship are: • Risk takers. • Committed to innovation. • Proactive in creating opportunities rather than waiting to respond to opportunities created by others.

6. Entrepreneurial Opportunities • Entrepreneurial Opportunities • Conditions in which new products or services can satisfy a need in the market. • Entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial managers must be able to: • Identify opportunities not perceived by others. • Take actions to exploit the opportunities. • Establish a competitive advantage. • “Creative Destruction” of existing products and services

7. Entrepreneurs • Entrepreneurs • Individuals acting independently or as part of an organization who create a new venture or develop an innovation, and take risks entering innovations into the marketplace. • Can be at any level in an organization - from owner to manager to front-line employee. • Entrepreneurial capabilities include: • Entrepreneurial mind-set • Intellectual capital & effective human capital • Transfer of entrepreneurial competence to others

8. Capital for Entrepreneurial Ventures • Venture Capital Firms • Seek high returns on their investment. • Value the competence of the entrepreneur or the human capital in the firm. • Place weight on the expected scope of competitive rivalry the firm is likely to experience. • Evaluate the degree of instability in the market addressed.

9. Capital for Entrepreneurial Ventures • Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) • Are new stock priced to reflect the firm’s high potential. • Often yield much larger equity investments than can be obtained from venture capitalists. • Investment bankers frequently play major roles in the development and offering of IPOs. • Firms that have previously received venture capital backing usually receive greater returns from IPOs.

10. Capital for Entrepreneurial Ventures • Angel Investors • Wealthy individuals who invest similarly to Venture Capital Firms. • Often used early in the company’s growth. • Expect high returns in exchange for assuming great risk. • Friends & Family • The FIRST set of investors. • Most other funding sources will look to this group as a signal.

11. International Entrepreneurship • Focus is outside domestic market • International entrepreneurship can: • Fuel economic growth • Create employment • Generate prosperity for citizens • There is a strong positive relationship between the rate of entrepreneurial activity and economic development in a nation.

12. International Entrepreneurship • There must be a balance (in the culture) between • Individual initiative and • The spirit of cooperation andgroup ownership of innovation. • Successful entrepreneurial firms: • Provide appropriate autonomy. • Offer incentives for individual initiative. • Promote cooperation and group ownership of an innovation.

13. Innovation

14. The act of creating or developing a new product or process Brings something new into being. Technical criteria are used to determine the success of an invention. Invention Innovation Process

15. The process of creating a commercial product from an invention. Brings something new into use. Commercial criteria are used to determine the success of an innovation. Invention Innovation Innovation Process

16. The adoption of an innovation by similar firms Usually leads to product or process standardization. Products based on imitation often are offered at lower prices but with fewer features. Invention Innovation Imitation Innovation Process

17. Incremental Innovation Is the usual case for innovation in organizations. Provides small increments in current product lines. Improves existing knowledge and processes. Tighter variance on value and risk. Radical Innovation Is rare because of difficulty and risk. Provides significant technological breakthroughs. Creates new knowledge and processes. Wider variance on value and risk. Incremental and Radical Innovation

18. Model of Internal Corporate Venturing

19. Model of Internal Corporate Venturing Source: Adapted from R. A. Burgelman, 1983, A model of the interactions of strategic behavior, corporate context, and the concept of strategy, Academy of Management Review, 8: 65.

20. Internal Corporate Venturing • Autonomous Strategic Behavior • A bottom-up process (involving manager-level employees) • Product Champions develop and coordinate the commercialization of a new good or service until it achieves success in the marketplace. • Product Champion • An organizational member with an entrepreneurial vision of a new good or service who seeks to create support for the vision’s commercialization.

21. Internal Corporate Venturing Induced Strategic Behavior • A top-down process whereby the firm’s current strategy and structure foster product innovations. • The strategy in place is filtered through a matching structural hierarchy. • Resulting innovations are highly related to the firm’s current strategy.

22. Implementing Internal Innovations

23. Implementing New Product Development and Internal Ventures • To be innovative and develop internal ventures requires: • An entrepreneurial mindset • Risk propensity • An emphasis on execution • Individuals with an entrepreneurial mindset engage the energies of everyone in their domain both inside and outside the organization.

24. Facilitate integration of activities associated with different organizational functions. Design, manufacturing, marketing, etc. New product development processes can be completed more quickly. Products can be more easily commercialized when cross-functional teams work effectively. Cross-functionalProduct Development Team Cross–Functional Product Development Teams

25. Barriers to Cross-Functional Teams Effectiveness • Different orientations and perceptions • Individuals from separate functions have different orientations on issues. • Create differing approaches to product development activities. • Organizational Politics • Cause aggressive competition for resources among different organizational functions. • Organizations must achieve cross-functional integration with minimal political conflict.

26. Facilitating Integration and Innovation • Shared Values • Are framed around the firm’s strategic intent and mission. • Become the glue that promotes integration between functional units. • Effective Leadership Team that sets goals and allocates resources in a transparent and consistent way • Effective Communication

27. Other Innovation Strategies

28. Cooperative Strategies for Entrepreneurship and Innovation • Cooperation and integration of knowledge and resources is required to successfully commercialize inventions. • Entrepreneurial firms need investment capital and distribution capabilities. • Established companies need the technological knowledge possessed by entrepreneurial firms. • Firms innovate through the sharing their knowledge and skills in a cooperative relationship.

29. Acquisitions to Buy Innovation • Acquisitions • Can rapidly extend the product line. • Can quickly increase the firm’s revenues. • Key risks of acquisitions • The firm may substitute the ability to buy innovations for an ability to produce innovations internally. • The firm may lose intensity in R&D efforts. • The firm may lose its ability to produce patents.

30. Wrap-up

31. Creating Value through Strategic Entrepreneurship • Be effective in identifying opportunities. • Be flexible and willing to take risks. • Have sufficient resources and capabilities to exploit identified opportunities. • Sustain a competitive advantage while identifying and exploiting opportunities. • Develop an entrepreneurial mind-set among managers and employees. • Seek to enter and compete in international markets.

32. Wrap-up • Strategic Entrepreneurship • Definitions • Funding Sources • International Entrepreneurship • Innovation Process • Model of Internal Corporate Venturing • Implementing Internal Innovations • Other Innovation Strategies • Questions