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Gas Turbine: Basics

Gas Turbine: Basics. Reviewed by Muhammad Salman Bilal BSEE,MSEE,MSEM. Introduction Purpose of the plant Main components, system configuration Gas turbine technology History, energetic considerations, description Turbogenerator Technical description, mechanical and electrical systems.

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Gas Turbine: Basics

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  1. Gas Turbine: Basics Reviewed by Muhammad Salman Bilal BSEE,MSEE,MSEM

  2. Introduction • Purpose of the plant • Main components, system configuration • Gas turbine technology • History, energetic considerations, description • Turbogenerator • Technical description, mechanical and electrical systems

  3. Introduction • Purpose of the plant • Main components, system configuration • Gas turbine technology • History, energetic considerations, description • Turbogenerator (Solar Titan) • Technical description, mechanical and electrical systems

  4. Main points • Basically we apply the co-generation concept in order to produce heat energy (steam) from one side and electrical energy from the other. • The electrical energy is also such an important argument where a reliable network is necessary (chemical, textile, 3rd world,…) • Network voltage failure • Other particular situations • Advantages • Better efficiency in the energy production. • Better quality of the energy (self made = more reliability, flexibility…)

  5. Main components • The system is basically composed of : • Turbo generator •  Produce electric energy and (or) thermal energy • Medium voltage (MV) station (accessory) •  Ensures the electrical power connection between the turbo generator, the plant and the network • Boiler (accessory)  Convert the thermal energy in steam • Diesel engine generator (accessory) •  Produce electric energy • Gas Compressor (accessory  Ener project) •  Increase and stabilize the gas pressure when it drops

  6. MV plant Diesel engine Gas turbine Turbogenerator auxiliary System (LV) Electric Generator (11000 Vac) Electric Generator Main package supply MV station Main plant Air compressor ………

  7. Introduction • Purpose of the plant • Main components, system configuration • Gas turbine technology • Energetic considerations, description • Turbogenerator (Solar Titan) • Technical description, mechanical and electrical systems

  8. Main components • The gas turbine is composed of 3 main parts : • The compressor •  Increases the pressure of incoming comburant air. • The combustion chamber •  The mixture fuel /air is burned and gas temperature increased. • The power turbine • Which converts the thermal and kinetic energy of the burned gases to mechanical energy, avalaible on the gas turbine rotor shaft.

  9. The gas turbine can be compared (continous cycle) with a four stroke engine (alternating cycle): exhaust Air inlet compression combustion

  10. Gas turbine power flow Power turbine Combustion chamber Compressor Generator Gearbox Exhaust gas air Fuel Electrical power Thermal power Chemical power Mechanical power Global efficiency

  11. The compressor stator rotor 1 3  2 Stage = stator + rotor Through the stages of the compressor the gas decelerates and the pressure increases. In the compressor, the mechanical energy is converted in potential energy, increasing the gas pressure. u P Pressure evolution

  12. The combustion chamber The combustion chamber shape is annular. There the mixture fuel/air is burned at constant pressure. Because of the high combustiontemperature(~2000 °C), the gas temperature is reduced with air coming from the compressor (dilution air) to obtain an admissible temperature of the metallic parts (turbine blades and combustion chamber)  800-1200 °C Dilution air holes Combustion chamber Fuel inlet

  13. The combustion chamber Ignition torch Primary air Air from compressor Tertiary air Secondary air Injector Injector nose combustion chamber section

  14. Power turbine Stage = rotor + stator Through the stages of the power turbine the gas accelerates and the pressure decreases. In the turbine, the potential energy of the gas is transformed to mechanical energy. The total aerodynamic force acting on the rotor blades is transferred to the rotor shaft, which rotates at the speed  . rotor stator  1 3 2 u P Pressure evolution

  15. Power turbine Turbine blades Through the stages of the power turbine the gas is accelerated and energy trasferred to the rotor blades, which rotate the shaft. The power is finally trasferred to the compressor and the electrical generator. Cooling air Combustion chamber Power turbine blades (T130)

  16. Introduction • Purpose of the plant • Main components, system configuration • Gas turbine technology • History, energetic considerations, description • Turbogenerator • Technical description, mechanical and electrical systems • Diesel generators (800 kVA, 1400 kVA) • Air compressor

  17. Turbogenerator group • Package design • Main components :Gas turbine Gear box Generator • Main circuits :Electric start system Lube oil system Gas fuel system Liquid fuel system Air system • The electric system :Control room panels Field bus modules

  18. Front view (Titan)

  19. Top view (Titan)

  20. Rear view (Titan)

  21. General view (example)

  22. Turbine type : - single shaft - axial flow design 1) Gearbox assembly 2) Air inlet assembly 3) Axial flow compressor 4) Combustor assembly 5) Turbine assembly 6) Exhaust diffuser and bellows 7) Supporting frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

  23. Description Data COMPRESSOR Type Axial Number of stages 14 Compression ratio 17 : 1 Speed 11197 rpm COMBUSTION CHAMBER Type Annular Ignition Torch Number of fuel injectors 14 TURBINE Type Axial Number of stages 3 Titan 130 –20501 gas turbine engine specifications

  24. Titan 130 The compressor Air inlet duct Through the air inlet duct, pre-filtered ambient air is drawn into the axial compressor and then used for combustion process. Lateral view Back view (from gearbox)

  25. Titan 130 The compressor Compressor case assembly 1) Compressor air inlet flange 2) Forward compressor case 3) Aft compressor case 4) Variable guide vanes 4 3 2 1

  26. Titan 130 The compressor Variable guide vane system • The variable - position guide vane • system (IGV) avoids compressor surge • during starting and transient operation. • The angular position of the inlet guide vanes • And stator vanes of the first six compressor • stages are in function of gas turbine speed for start-up • and acceleration. Increasing speed will cause the guide • vanes to move from close position (- 45 °) to full • open position (5°). • The guide vane system uses an electric motor-driven • roller screw actuator with position feedback. • The variable guide vane system is controlled by: • Guide vane actuator motor (command : 4-20 mA) • Guide vane actuator resolver (feedback : 4-20 mA) • Guide vane actuator controller 3 2 1 • Variable guide vane (stator) • Rotor blades • Forward compressor case

  27. Titan 130 Combustor assembly The combustor assembly is bolted to the aft end of the compressor diffuser assembly. The main components are: 1) Fuel and air manifolds 2) Fuel injectors 3) Combustor liner assembly 4) Torch igniter assembly 5) Bleed air valve assembly 3 2 1

  28. Titan 130 Combustor assembly Bleed air system The compressor bleed air system prevents compressor surge, reducing back pressure during start sequence and transient operations. The compressor air is bled from the combustor housing directly to the exhaust diffuser. The system is composed of : 1) Bleed air pipe 2) Butterfly valve 3) Electrical actuator 4) Clamp 4 1 2 3

  29. Titan 130 Combustor assembly Bleed air system Bleed air pipe Electrical actuator

  30. Titan 130 Combustor assembly Fuel supply system • The turbine fuel supply system is composed of : • Three tubular manifolds, which encircle the combustor housing. (1)-Main gas supply (larger in diameter), (2)-Pilot gas supply, (3)-Atomization air (4)-14 liquid fuel injectors, which receive air and fuel from the manifolds. 4 3 1 2

  31. Titan 130 Combustor assembly Torch igniter assembly The torch igniter assembly is installed on the bottom of the combustor assembly (7 o’clock position). During start cycle, a separate fuel line supplies liquid fuel to the torch which is lit by an igniter spark. The torch ignites the fuel / air mixture entering the combustor chamber through the injectors. When continous burning is recognized from the control system, the torch is extinguished. Spark Liquid drain outlet Fuel supply inlet

  32. Titan 130 Power turbine & exhaust diffuser The power turbine is located aft of the combustor assembly. The power turbine assembly includes first, second and third stage turbine rotor’s disc and turbine nozzles. First and second stages of blades are cooled with bleed air. Around the third stage turbine nozzles 12thermocouples that measure the T5temperature are mounted. 3 4 2 1) Power turbine assembly 2) T5 thermocouples 3) PCD air for cooling T5 ring 4) Exhaust diffuser 1

  33. Titan 130 Gearbox General description The main function of the gearbox is to reduce the drive speed from the turbine to the generator. The generator speed is 1500 rpm for 50 HZ service. The gearbox is therefore located between the turbine and the generator. It has an epicyclic star-gear design. The gearbox is also equipped with two starter motors (used for turbine start) and is used to drive the mechanic oil pump (for the main oil circuit). These are the auxiliary functions of the gearbox. Twospeed pick-ups (1) (for speed control and protection use) are also mounted on the gearbox. 1

  34. Description Data TYPE epicyclical MANUFACTURER ALLEN GEARS RATING Transmitted Power 22200 HP (16561 Kw) Input Speed 11197 rpm Output Speed 1500 rpm Gear Ratio 7,465 LUBRICATION (nom.val) Pressure 1.7 – 3 barg Temperature 43 – 74 °C GEARBOX WEIGHT Total weight 6042 Kg Titan 130 Gearbox Technical data

  35. Titan 130 Gearbox Main reduction drive Primary stage 1) Central sun wheel 2) Star wheels (3) Secondary stage 3) Star wheel shaft 4) Internal gear ring 5) Star carrier 6) Low shaft speed LOW SPEED (output) HIGH SPEED (input) Power flow

  36. Titan 130 Gearbox Auxiliary drives 1) Starter motor drives 2) Oil pump drive 3) Gearbox output shaft 4) Speed pick-up 4 1 2 4 1 3

  37. Titan 130 Generator • General description • The generator converts mechanical power of gas turbine to electrical power. • The shaft of the generator is coupled to the slow speed shaft of the gearbox (1500 rpm). • The machine consists of a main generator, stator and rotor (internal-pole machine) and an exciter (external-pole machine). • The generator is air cooled, with two fans mounted on to the rotor shaft. • The main terminal box is mounted on the top of the generator. It contains the winding ends, the voltage and current trasformers for control, measurement and protection use. • An auxiliary box, also on the top of the generator, • contains low voltage terminals.

  38. Titan 130 Generator Electric schematic • Stator • Magnet wheel (rotor) • Rectifier bridge 4) Exciter armature 5) Exciter coil 6) Automatic voltage regulator(AVR)

  39. Titan 130 Generator Generator data Manufacturer : Alstom( Leroy Somer) Type : synchronous, 4 poles Nominal power : 17000 kVA Frequency : 50 Hz Voltage : 11000 V Power factor : 0.8 Speed : 1500 rpm

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