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Networking protocols

Networking protocols. Unit objective: Identify TCP/IP properties, and identify common ports and protocols. Topic A. Topic A: TCP/IP Topic B: Ports and protocols. Network protocols. TCP/IP IPX/SPX AppleTalk. Addressing. MAC address IPv4 address IPv6 address Character-based names.

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Networking protocols

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  1. Networking protocols Unit objective: Identify TCP/IP properties, and identify common ports and protocols

  2. Topic A Topic A: TCP/IP Topic B: Ports and protocols

  3. Network protocols • TCP/IP • IPX/SPX • AppleTalk

  4. Addressing • MAC address • IPv4 address • IPv6 address • Character-based names

  5. MAC address • Also known as: • Physical address • Adapter address • Ethernet address • Unique value: • Expressed as 6 pairs of hexadecimal numbers • Often separated by hyphens or colons continued

  6. MAC address, continued • Address contains: • Manufacturer ID • Unique number • MAC addresses don’t change • Used on LAN

  7. IPv4 • Internet standard since 1981 • Binary data: Two states: on (1); off (0) • Byte (octet): A string of 8 bits • IPv4 address: 32 bits divided into 4 octets • Two notations for IPv4 • Binary: 11001010 00101101 11100001 00001111 • Decimal: 208.206.88.56 continued

  8. IPv4, continued • Can uniquely identify up to 232 addresses • IP addresses composed of two parts • Network ID • Host ID • No two computers on the same network can have the same host ID • Two computers on different networks can have the same host ID

  9. Classful IPv4 addresses

  10. APIPA • Automatic Private IP Addressing • 169.254.0.0 • Windows OSs and Windows Server 2000 forward autogenerate APIPA addresses

  11. Subnet masks • Used to identify network ID and host ID portions of IP address

  12. Network IDs • Always contiguous and start on the left

  13. Default gateway • Term for TCP/IP router • Hosts use default gateway to deliver packets to remote networks

  14. Routing example

  15. IPv6 • Internet Protocol version 6 • Uses 128-bit addresses • Provides 2128 addresses • Eight 16-bit fields • Write as 8 groups of 4 numbers in hexadecimal notation, separated by colons • Replace group of all zeros with 2 colons • Only 1 :: can be used per address • Can drop leading zeros in a field • All fields require at least one number, except for the :: notation continued

  16. IPv6, continued • Network portion indicated by a slash followed by number of bits in address that are assigned to network portion • /48 • /64 • Loopback address is a localhost address • IPv6 loopback address can be written as ::/128 • fe80::/10 is equivalent to the IPv4 169.254.0.0

  17. IPv6 address types • Link-local • IPv6 version of IPv4’s APIPA • Self-assigned using Neighbor Discovery process • Starts with fe80:: • Site-local • IPv6 version of IPv4 private address • Begins with FE • C to F for the third hex digit—FEC, FED, FEE, or FEF continued

  18. IPv6 address types, continued • Global unicast • IPv6 version of an IPv4 public address • Identified for a single interface • Routable and reachable on IPv6 Internet • First 3 bits are 001 in binary • All global addresses start with the binary values 001 (2000::/3) through 111 (E000::/3) • Exception: FF00::/8, reserved for multicasts • Following 48 bits designate global routing prefix • Next 16 bits designate subnet ID • Last 64 bits identify individual network node continued

  19. IPv6 address types, continued • Multicast • Sends information or services to all interfaces that are defined as members of multicast group • First 16 bits, ff00n = multicast address • Anycast • New, unique type of address in IPv6 • Cross between unicast and multicast • Identifies a group of interfaces • Packets are delivered to nearest interface as identified by routing protocol’s distance measurement

  20. IPv6 address scopes • Define regions • Also known as spans • Unique identifiers of an interface • Scopes include • Link-local • Site network • Global network • A device usually has a link-local address and either a site-local or global address • Network address can be assigned to a scope zone • Zone index suffix follows %

  21. DHCP and DHCPv6 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Automated mechanism to assign IP addresses to clients Two versions Original DHCP used for IPv4 addressing DHCPv6 used for IPv6 addressing Can hand out IP addresses plus other TCP/IP configuration parameters

  22. Fully qualified domain names (FQDNs) Hierarchical naming scheme: Domain Name System (DNS) Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) Three parts: Host name Domain name Top-level domain name Example: www.microsoft.com Subdomains allowed: server1.corporate.microsoft.com

  23. Domain Name System (DNS) • Server with database matching host names to IP addresses • DNS name has three parts • Computer name • Domain name • Top-level domain name • Can also have subdomains to further divide • Top-level domains • Name resolution

  24. Topic B Topic A: TCP/IP Topic B: Ports and protocols

  25. Network communication protocols • Establish the rules and formats that are followed for communication between networks and nodes • Format data into packets • Media access method sends packets

  26. TCP • Standard protocol used to transmit information across the Internet • Provides • Acknowledged, connection-oriented communications • Guaranteed delivery • Proper sequencing • Data integrity checks

  27. Internet Protocol (IP) • Unreliable connectionless protocol • Functions at the OSI Network layer • Sole function is to transmit TCP, UDP, and other, higher-level-protocol packets • Responsible for logical addressing of each outgoing packet • Verifies that incoming packets are addressed to computer • Must have a Transport-layer service to work with

  28. UDP • User Datagram Protocol • Connectionless, unacknowledged communications • Simply sends information • Not as commonly used as TCP • Operates at OSI Transport layer • Using IP, adds information about source and destination socket identifiers • Used for streaming audio and video

  29. Protocols • FTP • TFTP • SFTP • DHCP • DNS • HTTP • HTTPS • VoIP protocols • SSH • LDAP • SMB • E-mail protocols: SMTP, POP3, IMAP4 • SNMP • Telnet

  30. Port addresses • 16-bit integer, ranging from 0 to 65535 • Three types: • IP address + port number = socket

  31. Service port numbers

  32. Unit summary • Identified TCP/IP properties, and identified common ports and protocols

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