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Chapter 18 Lipids. 18.5 Glycerophospholipids 18.6 Sphingolipids 18.7 Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and Steroid Hormones 18.8 Cell Membranes. Glycerophospholipids. Glycerophospholipids are: The most abundant lipids in cell membranes.
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Chapter 18 Lipids 18.5 Glycerophospholipids 18.6 Sphingolipids 18.7 Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and Steroid Hormones 18.8 Cell Membranes
Glycerophospholipids Glycerophospholipids are: • The most abundant lipids in cell membranes. • Composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate and an amino alcohol. Fatty acid Glycerol Fatty acid PO4 Amino alcohol
Polarity of Glycerophospholipids • A glycerophospholipid has polar and nonpolar regions.
Lecithin and Cephalin Lecithin and cephalin are glycerophospholipids: • Abundant in brain and nerve tissues. • Found in egg yolk, wheat germ, and yeast.
Sphingolipids • Sphingolipids are phospholipids that have an amide bond between a fatty acid and sphingosine, an 18-carbon alcohol.
Glycosphingolipids • Glycosphingolipids (cerebrosides and gangliosides) contain monosaccharides bonded to the –OH of sphingosine by a glycosidic bond. • Cerebrosides contain only one monosaccharide.
Gangliosides • Gangliosides are similar to cerebrosides, but contain two or more monosaccharides.
Lipid Diseases (Lipidoses) • In many lipid diseases, the deficiency of an enzyme causes the accumulation of glycolipids.
Steroids Steroids are: • Lipids containing the steroid nucleus, which is a fused structure of four rings. • Found in cholesterol, bile salts, hormones, and vitamin D. steroid nucleus
Cholesterol Cholesterol is: • The most abundant steroid in the body. • Composed of the steroid nucleus with methyl CH3– groups, an alkyl chain, and a hydroxyl group –OH attached.
Cholesterol in Foods Cholesterol: • Is considered elevated if plasma cholesterol exceeds 200-220 mg/dL. • Is synthesized in the liver and obtained from foods.
Lipoproteins Lipoproteins: • Combine lipids with proteins and phospholipids. • Are soluble in water because the surface consists of polar lipids.
Types of Lipoproteins Lipoproteins: • Differ in density, composition, and function. • Include low-density lipoprotein (LDLs) and high-density lipoprotein (HDLs).
Bile Salts Bile salts: • Are synthesized from cholesterol and stored in the gall bladder. • Emulsify fats and oils to give a greater surface area for lipid digesting enzymes.
Steroid Hormones Steroid hormones: • Are produced from cholesterol. • Include sex hormones such as androgens (testosterone) in males and estrogens (estradiol) in females.
Adrenal Corticosteroids Steroid hormones called adrenal corticosteroids: • Are produced by the adrenal glands located on the top of each kidney. • Include aldosterone, which regulates electrolytes and water balance by the kidneys. • Include cortisone, a glucocorticoid, which increases blood glucose level and stimulates the synthesis of glycogen in the liver.
Anabolic Steroids Anabolic steroids: • Are derivatives of testosterone. • Are used illegally to increase muscle mass. • Have side effects including fluid retention, hair growth, sleep disturbance, and liver damage.
Cell Membranes Cell membranes: • Separate cellular contents from the external environment. • Consist of a lipid bilayer made of two rows of phospholipids. • Have an inner portion made of the nonpolar tails of phospholipids with the polar heads at the outer and inner surfaces.
Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membranes • The lipid bilayer contains proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol. • The unsaturated fatty acids make cell membranes fluid-like rather than rigid. • Proteins and carbohydrates on the outer surface communicate with hormones and neurotransmitters.
Transport Through Cell Membranes • Diffusion (passive transport) moves particles from a higher to a lower concentration. • Facilitated transport uses protein channels to increase the rate of diffusion. • Active transport moves ions against a concentration gradient.
