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Contingent Attentional Capture by Items in Selectively Ignored Locations

Bryan R. Burnham, PhD The University of Scranton. Contingent Attentional Capture by Items in Selectively Ignored Locations. Introduction.

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Contingent Attentional Capture by Items in Selectively Ignored Locations

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  1. Bryan R. Burnham, PhD The University of Scranton Contingent Attentional Capture by Items in Selectively Ignored Locations

  2. Introduction ABSTRACT: Munneke, Van der Stigchel and Theeuwes (2008) demonstrated that distractor interference was reduced when a distractor appeared in a selectively ignored location; however, Moher and Egeth (2012) found that distractor interference was unaffected and responses were slower when a distractor appeared in an ignored color. Thus, locations, not features, can be selectively ignored. This study used a spatial cuing task similar to that used by Folk, Remington and Johnston (1992) to examine whether contingent attentional capture was affected when a salient, target feature-relevant cue appeared in an ignored location. The results showed that cuing effects by target feature-relevant cues were unaffected when the cue appeared in a to-be-ignored location than in a non-ignored location. Thus, target-relevant features can override an observer’s decision to ignore a location; however, responses were overall slower when cues appeared in the to-be-ignored location, suggesting they interfered with target localization. ABSTRACT: Munneke, Van der Stigchel and Theeuwes (2008) demonstrated that distractor interference was reduced when a distractor appeared in a selectively ignored location; however, Moher and Egeth (2012) found that distractor interference was unaffected and responses were slower when a distractor appeared in an ignored color. Thus, locations, not features, can be selectively ignored. This study used a spatial cuing task similar to that used by Folk, Remington and Johnston (1992) to examine whether contingent attentional capture was affected when a salient, target feature-relevant cue appeared in an ignored location. The results showed that cuing effects by target feature-relevant cues were unaffected when the cue appeared in a to-be-ignored location than in a non-ignored location. Thus, target-relevant features can override an observer’s decision to ignore a location; however, responses were overall slower when cues appeared in the to-be-ignored location, suggesting they interfered with target localization.

  3. Introduction • Questions my lab is addressing: • Can locations be selectively ignored? • What if an important item appears in a to-be-ignored location? • Is contingent attentional capture affected when cues appear in to-be-ignored locations?

  4. Background Munneke, Van der Stigchel & Theeuwes (2008) • Examined whether cuing a location to ignore influenced selection of an item in that location • T / ┴ target • I distractor (present or absent)

  5. Background Munneke, Van der Stigchel & Theeuwes (2008) • Interference was smaller when the distractor’s location was cued to be ignored

  6. Background Moher & Egeth (2012) • Examined whether an item feature (color) could be ignored • B/F target • b/f distractor (compatible or incompatible) E1 E2

  7. Background Moher & Egeth (2012) • RTs were greater on ignore trials • Compatibility effect was larger on ignore trials E1 E2

  8. Present Study • Munneke et al.’s (2008) results suggest locations can be selectively ignored • Moher & Egeth’s(2012) results suggest item features cannot be selectively ignored • Q: What effect will a feature-relevant item have on attention if it appears in a to-be-ignored location? • Will it be ignored? • Will it capture attention? • Maybe there will be a reduced capture effect?

  9. Experiment 1 • Modified cuing task • Arrow cue indicated the to-be-ignored location Target (Until Response) Delay (100 ms) Cue (50 ms) Ignore Location (1500 ms) Fixation (800-1200 ms) = X X = + + + + + + + X or or Blocked Within-Ss Between-Ss

  10. Experiment 1 Cue Location (Randomized within blocks) Valid = = = X X X = = = + + + + + + + + + X X X Invalid Ignore

  11. Experiment 1 • n = 31 University of Scranton Undergraduates • n = 14 in Red Target Group • n = 17 in Onset Target Group • Design: 2 (Target: Red, Onset) x 2 (Cue: Red, Onset) x 3 (Cue Location: Valid, Invalid, Ignore) • Reporting only RT analyses • Analyses on errors were similar • Error bars are 95% CIs

  12. Experiment 1 Results • Target x Cue x Cue Location (contingent capture) • F(2, 58) = 32.37, MSE = 327.66, p < .0001, • RTValid < RTInvalid= RTIgnore

  13. Experiment 1 Results • Issue: Was ignored location actually ignored? • Examined RTs as a function of ignored location distance • “Distance Effect” • F(1, 29) = 21.18, MSE = 2309, p < .0001, Ignore Location Adjacent Ignore Location Opposite or X X X = = = = = = + + + X X X

  14. Experiment 1 Summary • Target-relevant cue captured attention when it appeared in a to-be-ignored location • Contingent capture effects were equivalent for cues at invalid locations and ignored locations • But, was ignored location actually ignored? • Experiment 2 included an Ignore Location Absent block and Ignore Location Present block

  15. Experiment 2 • Ignore Location Present Block (Same as E1) Target (Until Response) Delay (100 ms) Cue (50 ms) Ignore Location (1500 ms) Fixation (800-1200 ms) = X X = + + + + + + + X or or Blocked Within-Ss Between-Ss

  16. Experiment 2 • Ignore Location Absent Block Target (Until Response) Delay (100 ms) Cue (50 ms) No Ignore Location (1500 ms) Fixation (800-1200 ms) = X X = + + + + + + + X or or Blocked Within-Ss Between-Ss

  17. Experiment 2 • n = 54 University of Scranton Undergraduates • n = 26 Red Target • n= 28 Onset Target • Ignore Location Present block vs. Absent block was counterbalanced across subjects • Analysis 1: Compared invalid-valid cuing effects between Ignore Location Present vs. Absent blocks • Used first blocks only due to interactions with Ignore Location Block Order • Analysis 2: Same as E1 on Ignore Location Present Block

  18. Experiment 2 Results • Analysis 1: Main effect of Ignore Location block • F(1, 50) = 8.51, MSE = 36078, p = .004, 15 • Found no interactions with Ignore Location Presence vs. Absence

  19. Experiment 2 Results • Analysis 1: Target x Cue x Cue Location • F(1, 50) = 35.68, MSE = 573, p < .0001, • Contingent capture same across blocks

  20. Experiment 2 Results • Analysis 2: Target x Cue x Cue Location (contingent capture) • F(2, 50) = 15.99, MSE = 635, p < .001, • RTValid < RTInvalid = RTIgnore

  21. Experiment 2 Results • Non-Significant “Distance Effect” • F(1, 22) = 1.83, MSE = 5688, p= .190,

  22. Overall Summary • Contingent capture effects by cues in the to-be-ignored locations were equivalent to contingent capture effects by cues in the possible target locations • Subjects seemed to ignore the location indicated • Feature-relevant items seem to capture attention in to-be-ignored locations

  23. Moving Forward • Was the ignored location really ignored? • Distance effects are somewhat informative • Probe detection in minority of trials? • Other versions: • Ran a color feature search (non-singleton) version • Ran a version that manipulated CTOA to examine IOR • We may try a spatial blink version with a cue to where distractor will appear • Maybe next year…  • Conclusion: Feature relevance seems to override intent to ignore a location

  24. Thanks for your attention (or ignoring ). bryan.burnham@scranton.edu

  25. Experiment 3 • Manipulated CTOA in Ignore Cue Present Condition Target (Until Response) Delay (0 or 700 ms) Spatial Cue (50 ms) Ignore Cue (1500 ms) Fixation (800-1200 ms) = X X = + + + + + + + X or or Blocked Within-Ss Between-Ss Blocked Within-Ss

  26. Experiment 3 • n = 25 University of Scranton Undergraduates • n = 12 Red Target • n= 13 Onset Target • 2 (Target) x 2 (Cue) x 3 (Cue Location) x 2 (CTOA: 50 ms vs. 750 ms) design • Difference between invalid cue and ignore conditions • F(2, 46) = 15.40, MSE = 402, p < .0001, 10 ms, p =.004 15 ms, p = .001 5 ms, p =.004

  27. Experiment 3: Results • Four way interaction not significant (p = .220) • Cue x Cue Location x CTOA • Color Target:F < 1 • Cue x Cue Location: F(2, 22) = 7.36, MSE = 709, p = .004, • Onset Target: F(2, 24) = 8.49, MSE = 440, p = .002, 41

  28. Experiment 3: Results • Congruent with results of Gibson & Amelio (2000) • Short CTOA results replicated E1 and Ignore Cue Present condition from E2

  29. Experiment 1 Results • Issue: Was ignored location actually ignored? • Secondary analysis compared valid and invalid trials as a function of ignored location distancefrom target Ignore Location Opposite Ignore Location Adjacent Cue Valid or X X X X X X = = = = = = = = = = = = + + + + + + X X X X X X Cue Invalid or

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