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1. ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????...

2. ?????? ????? ? ???

3. ????? ?????? ????? -?????1 clothes-line Crushing Strangulation ????2 Gunshots low-velocity High-velocity knife Inhalation3 Caustic ingestion4

4. ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? :(?????? ???-?????? ??????????????-?????????? ??????-????? ????? –??? ???? ? ???? ????-????? ???? ??? ???? –??????? –??? ??? ) ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? (?????? ?? ???? ---?????? –????? ????:????? ) ????? ?????? ???? :???? ?? ???? ??? ?.? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????????? -----???? ???? ?? Breathy ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? :????????:???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????????

5. ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? (??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ): ?????? ????? ?? ???? :1-?????? 2-????? ?????????3-?????? ???? 4-?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? :??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? : ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????|????? ?????|??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????

6. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? (???? ????? ) ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ????? -----????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???

8. ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? :????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? : Stable ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? : ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????

9. ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? : involving the anterior commissure, having exposed cartilage, having multiple or displaced fractures of the thyroid cartilage involving multiple fractures of the cricoid cartilage, causing vocal fold paralysis or airway compromise sufficient to require intubation or tracheotomy, associated with an injury to another area of the neck that requires surgical intervention

10. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? :??????????? awake ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ???? : -1-????? (????? ??????-?????? –????????? –??????? ????? ?????? ???? ) 2-??? ???? (???????? –????? ) 3-???????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? :????????? ?????? ????? :?? ????? ????? (3-5 ??? ??? )

11. ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? surgical exploration :subplatysmal apron flap The strap muscles are divided in the midline and retracted laterally A midline thyrotomy is used to enter the larynx Laryngeal skeletal fractures are repaired using wire or nonabsorbable suture. Simple nondisplaced fractures can be repaired by suturing the outer perichondrium with nonabsorbable sutures. An alternative to wire is internal fixation using absorbable or nonabsorbable plates lacerations are meticulously repaired using fine absorbable sutures A dislocated arytenoid is reduced In military weapons ----the loss of tissue is large, regional mucosal flaps or skin grafts

14. ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? : involving the anterior commissure, comminuted fractures of the thyroid cartilage cases in which the architecture of the larynx is not maintained by open fixation of the fractures. ?????: decreased web formation at the anterior commissure better support of the laryngeal architecture during healing. useful in light of the movement of the larynx with phonation and swallowing during the healing process.

15. ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??  ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ? ???????????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? 10-14 ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? –??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? 5|3????? ??? FVC ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ? ???? TVC,FVC

19. ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? (??? ??? ??? ????????? ? ??? ???? ????? ) ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? -------->?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ------>???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? (??? ?) --->?????????? ?????? ?? ?????

20. ????????? ??? ?? ???  ???? ?????? ------> 5-7??? ????? ???? ------> ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ---> ??? ?? 10-14 ??? ?????? ---->?? ??? ?? ??? (??????? ?? ?? ??-??? ???? ) ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? (???? ?????? ? ???? ????? )

21. ????? ????? ???? ???? : ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? :???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? : ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????------> ????? ????? :6??? ???? ??? ???? -------> ????? ????? 6-12??? ---> ??????-??????????? ????? ??? 1???? ???? ???? :???????????? ????? ??? 2???? ???? ???? :?????????????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ------>

22. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ???? ?? 4 ???? : 1-????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? 2-???? ?? ??????????? ? ????????? ???? ??????? 3-?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 4-?????? ????????? ?? ??? ? +?????

23. ?????? ????????? ????? 1-?????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????-----> ?????? ????? :??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? 7?? 10 ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? : 1-????? ??? 2-??????? ?????????????? 3-???? ??????? ???????? 4-???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? 5-???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? :?????? ?????????? ---> ????? :?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ?? ??????????:?????????????? ????? ????????? ???---->?????:???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? :????? –?? ?? 5-7??? ??????? ??????????????:??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????????--->???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? :???? ????? ---> ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ------> ??? ??? ?? 7-10 ??? (?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????

24. ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???????(??????? ??????) ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? :????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? :???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????

25. ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? :246/16 ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? :1-??? ??? ??????? ----> ???? ???????? –?????? ?? ?????? ????? –????? ???-????????? - ?? ?????? ???????? ??? :?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????

26. ?????????? ???????????? ????? 1-??? ???? ???????? (????? ?? ???? ????? ) 2-?????? ??? ????? 3-???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????

27. ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? :????? ?? ???????????? ???? (???? ??? ????? ) ????????? ??? : 1-???? ?? ??? ???? 2-??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? NPO 3- NG-Tube 4- ?? ??? ???? ???????? : ?? ???? ????? :???? (???? ?? ???? )???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? :??????? ?????? ?????? |??????:????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????(??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???