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Chapter 23

Chapter 23 . War & Revolution . Section 1. WWI: Causes & the Early Years. Causes of the War . Imperialism & Nationalism Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Triple Entente (Allied Powers) Internal Dissent socialist parties & groups Militarism War Plans!. Outbreak of War: Assassination .

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Chapter 23

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  1. Chapter 23 War & Revolution

  2. Section 1 WWI: Causes & the Early Years

  3. Causes of the War • Imperialism & Nationalism • Triple Alliance (Central Powers) • Triple Entente (Allied Powers) • Internal Dissent • socialist parties & groups • Militarism • War Plans!

  4. Outbreak of War: Assassination • problems in the Balkans • Bosnia, Sarajevo • Archduke Francis Ferdinand • The Black Hand • Gavrilo Princip

  5. Austria-Hungary & Russia • A-H: "itchin' for a fight" • Germany's Blank Check • William II • Russian Response • MIlitary Plans: FOLLOW DIRECTIONS!! • Step one: Invade A-H • Step two: Invade Germany

  6. Germany: Schlieffen Plan • German 2-Front War Plan • France & Russia • FOLLOW THE PLAN!! • Britain's entry

  7. 1914-1915: Illusion & Stalemate • The Excitement of War • Nationalism • "be proud that you live in such a time and in such a nation...that you have the privilege of sending those you love into so glorious a battle" • Plans for a short war

  8. War in West • Schlieffen Plan: A gamble • flawed from the beginning • Battle of Marne • 20 miles from Paris • start of trench warfare

  9. War in the East • Battle of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes • crushing Russian defeats • General Paul von Hindenburg • General Erich Ludendorff • The Austrians • fared less well than Germans • Battle of Galcia • almost knocks Russia out of the war

  10. 1916-1917: The Great Slaughter • Trench Warfare • barbed wire • machine gun nests, heavy artillery • "no man's land" • Confusing tactics • softening' them up • full frontal assault • German assault at Verdun

  11. Daily Life in the trenches • persistent presence of death • the stench of decomposing bodies and swarms of rats growing fat • Rotation • one week trench • one week reserve • two weeks other • repeat • "Live & Let Live System" • code of war

  12. The Widening of the War • stalemate forces looking for an advantage • Ottoman Empire • Central Powers • Italy • switch sides, Central -> Allied • looking for land • Global Conflict • Middle East: Lawrence of Arabia • Africa: • no German colonies • Asia • Japan

  13. Entry of the United States • Attempts at neutrality • Battle of Jutland • Britain naval dominance • Unrestricted SubmarineWarfare • Lusitania • British passenger ship • 100 Americans killed • No fear of Americans • "disorganized & undisciplined" • US joins April 1917

  14. New Kind of Warfare • Zeppelin • giant airship • Airplane

  15. Tanks • introduced in 1916 • British Mark V • set stage for WWII • Chemical Warfare • used to demoralize, injure and kill • mustard gas & phosgene chlorine • deaths limited • gas masks • Machine Guns • easy targets

  16. Section 2 The Russian Revolution

  17. Background to Revolution • Unprepared for war • Incompetent leaders: Czar Nicholas II • Unprepared industry • results = severe casualties • Beginnings of upheaval • Grigory Rasputin • influential • assassination

  18. The March Revolution (1917) • Women's strike in Petrograd • "Peace and Bread" • "Down with the autocracy" • Send in the troops (and shoot in needed) • army joins in instead of fighting against • Duma • creates the Provisional government • end of Nicholas and Romanov Dynasty

  19. Provisional Government • Aleksandr Kerensky • mistake: carrying on the war • Soviets • councils of workers, soldiers and peasants • strongest: Bolsheviks

  20. The Bolsheviks seize power • Bolsheviks • Vladimir Lenin • dedicated to violent revolution • Lenin and Bolsheviks • seize power from provisional government • came from Germany • Promises: (4) • Slogans: (3)

  21. The Bolsheviks seize power • November 6: Winter Palace • all-Russian Congress of Soviets • Lenin directs power • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany • peace with a cost • Gave up lots of land • Poland, Ukraine, Finland and Baltic provinces • temporary: rise of Socialist parties

  22. Civil War in Russia • Red v. White • Whites: • opposed Bolsheviks/Communists • Allied support • Siberia • Fate of the Czar and his family

  23. Triumph of Communists • well-disciplined fighting force • disunity of White Army • no clear goal • War communism • Terror • Cheka • Patriotism • fear the invade

  24. Section 3 The Peace Settlement

  25. Impact of Total War • Total War • civilians + soldiers • Increase in Governmental Powers • long term m planning • conscription/draft • planned economies • "who remain to till the soil and man the factories are no less a part of the army than the men beneath the battle flags"

  26. Manipulation of Public Opinion • By force • DORA (Defense of Realm Act) • limit speech • Propaganda

  27. The Last Year of the War • Impact of Russian Withdrawal • Germany: renewed hope • Grand Offensive: March to July • Second Battle of Marne • the gamble fails • September 1918 • Ludendorff "all is lost, sue for peace" • Allies: no peace with autocratic government • 11/9: William II resigns • 11/11/18: armistice agreed upon • Casualties of War: "lost generation" • 8 to 9 million die on the battlefield • 22 million wounded

  28. Decline of Austria-Hungary • ethnic minorities seek independence

  29. Peace Aims • Woodrow Wilson "14 Points" • open covenants • reduction of national armaments • self-determination • lasting peace • Threats to Liberty: Absolutism & Militarism • need for a League of Nations • Stumbling Blocks • France & GB: Germany must PAY!!!! • Big 4: • Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau and Italy

  30. Treaty of Versailles (Blame Germany) • Harsh peace to Germans (don't think about treaty you signed with Russia) • War Guilt Clause • Reparations • Territory loss • Alsace & Lorraine • demilitarized zone

  31. Other Peace Treaties • Redrawing map of Eastern Europe • Russia & Germany lose land • A-H is no more • Collapse of Ottoman Empire • British and French Mandates • League of nations • no teeth

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