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World War I: Causes, Outbreak, and Impact – A Historical Overview

Explore the causes, outbreak, and impact of World War I, including imperialism, nationalism, major battles, and the Russian Revolution. Learn about the war strategies, life in the trenches, impact of new technologies, and the peace settlement. Understand the significance of the Russian Revolution and the rise of the Bolsheviks in shaping the war's outcome.

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World War I: Causes, Outbreak, and Impact – A Historical Overview

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  1. Chapter 23 War & Revolution

  2. Section 1 WWI: Causes & the Early Years

  3. Causes of the War • Imperialism & Nationalism • Triple Alliance (Central Powers) • Triple Entente (Allied Powers) • Internal Dissent • socialist parties & groups • Militarism • War Plans!

  4. Outbreak of War: Assassination • problems in the Balkans • Bosnia, Sarajevo • Archduke Francis Ferdinand • The Black Hand • Gavrilo Princip

  5. Austria-Hungary & Russia • A-H: "itchin' for a fight" • Germany's Blank Check • William II • Russian Response • MIlitary Plans: FOLLOW DIRECTIONS!! • Step one: Invade A-H • Step two: Invade Germany

  6. Germany: Schlieffen Plan • German 2-Front War Plan • France & Russia • FOLLOW THE PLAN!! • Britain's entry

  7. 1914-1915: Illusion & Stalemate • The Excitement of War • Nationalism • "be proud that you live in such a time and in such a nation...that you have the privilege of sending those you love into so glorious a battle" • Plans for a short war

  8. War in West • Schlieffen Plan: A gamble • flawed from the beginning • Battle of Marne • 20 miles from Paris • start of trench warfare

  9. War in the East • Battle of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes • crushing Russian defeats • General Paul von Hindenburg • General Erich Ludendorff • The Austrians • fared less well than Germans • Battle of Galcia • almost knocks Russia out of the war

  10. 1916-1917: The Great Slaughter • Trench Warfare • barbed wire • machine gun nests, heavy artillery • "no man's land" • Confusing tactics • softening' them up • full frontal assault • German assault at Verdun

  11. Daily Life in the trenches • persistent presence of death • the stench of decomposing bodies and swarms of rats growing fat • Rotation • one week trench • one week reserve • two weeks other • repeat • "Live & Let Live System" • code of war

  12. The Widening of the War • stalemate forces looking for an advantage • Ottoman Empire • Central Powers • Italy • switch sides, Central -> Allied • looking for land • Global Conflict • Middle East: Lawrence of Arabia • Africa: • no German colonies • Asia • Japan

  13. Entry of the United States • Attempts at neutrality • Battle of Jutland • Britain naval dominance • Unrestricted SubmarineWarfare • Lusitania • British passenger ship • 100 Americans killed • No fear of Americans • "disorganized & undisciplined" • US joins April 1917

  14. New Kind of Warfare • Zeppelin • giant airship • Airplane

  15. Tanks • introduced in 1916 • British Mark V • set stage for WWII • Chemical Warfare • used to demoralize, injure and kill • mustard gas & phosgene chlorine • deaths limited • gas masks • Machine Guns • easy targets

  16. Section 2 The Russian Revolution

  17. Background to Revolution • Unprepared for war • Incompetent leaders: Czar Nicholas II • Unprepared industry • results = severe casualties • Beginnings of upheaval • Grigory Rasputin • influential • assassination

  18. The March Revolution (1917) • Women's strike in Petrograd • "Peace and Bread" • "Down with the autocracy" • Send in the troops (and shoot in needed) • army joins in instead of fighting against • Duma • creates the Provisional government • end of Nicholas and Romanov Dynasty

  19. Provisional Government • Aleksandr Kerensky • mistake: carrying on the war • Soviets • councils of workers, soldiers and peasants • strongest: Bolsheviks

  20. The Bolsheviks seize power • Bolsheviks • Vladimir Lenin • dedicated to violent revolution • Lenin and Bolsheviks • seize power from provisional government • came from Germany • Promises: (4) • Slogans: (3)

  21. The Bolsheviks seize power • November 6: Winter Palace • all-Russian Congress of Soviets • Lenin directs power • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany • peace with a cost • Gave up lots of land • Poland, Ukraine, Finland and Baltic provinces • temporary: rise of Socialist parties

  22. Civil War in Russia • Red v. White • Whites: • opposed Bolsheviks/Communists • Allied support • Siberia • Fate of the Czar and his family

  23. Triumph of Communists • well-disciplined fighting force • disunity of White Army • no clear goal • War communism • Terror • Cheka • Patriotism • fear the invade

  24. Section 3 The Peace Settlement

  25. Impact of Total War • Total War • civilians + soldiers • Increase in Governmental Powers • long term m planning • conscription/draft • planned economies • "who remain to till the soil and man the factories are no less a part of the army than the men beneath the battle flags"

  26. Manipulation of Public Opinion • By force • DORA (Defense of Realm Act) • limit speech • Propaganda

  27. The Last Year of the War • Impact of Russian Withdrawal • Germany: renewed hope • Grand Offensive: March to July • Second Battle of Marne • the gamble fails • September 1918 • Ludendorff "all is lost, sue for peace" • Allies: no peace with autocratic government • 11/9: William II resigns • 11/11/18: armistice agreed upon • Casualties of War: "lost generation" • 8 to 9 million die on the battlefield • 22 million wounded

  28. Decline of Austria-Hungary • ethnic minorities seek independence

  29. Peace Aims • Woodrow Wilson "14 Points" • open covenants • reduction of national armaments • self-determination • lasting peace • Threats to Liberty: Absolutism & Militarism • need for a League of Nations • Stumbling Blocks • France & GB: Germany must PAY!!!! • Big 4: • Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau and Italy

  30. Treaty of Versailles (Blame Germany) • Harsh peace to Germans (don't think about treaty you signed with Russia) • War Guilt Clause • Reparations • Territory loss • Alsace & Lorraine • demilitarized zone

  31. Other Peace Treaties • Redrawing map of Eastern Europe • Russia & Germany lose land • A-H is no more • Collapse of Ottoman Empire • British and French Mandates • League of nations • no teeth

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