A New Modern America

1. welcome my son, welcome to the machine A New Modern America AP United States History Period VI Industrialization and Gilded Age 1865-1900

2. The Final Frontier • Remember the early stuff • The last settlement of the west • Mining frontier • Cattle frontier • Farming frontier • Turner’s frontier thesis

3. Native American Policy • Earlier policies • The removal • Reservation policy • Indian wars • Assimilationists • Dawes Severalty Act (1887) • Aftermath of US Policy

4. The New South • Post war • Economic progress • Poverty • Agriculture • Segregation • New industries

5. Origins Of The Second Industrial Revolution Awakening A Sleeping Giant

6. Origins of the SIR Ideal Conditions The United States had ideal conditions for RAPID industrial growth. 1. Abundance of cheap natural resources, including coal, iron ore, copper, lead, oil, and timber. Coal Mining http://www.humanillnesses.com/original/images/hdc_0001_0003_0_img0203.jpg

7. Origins of the SIRIdeal Conditions The United States had ideal conditions for RAPID industrial growth. 2. Abundance of cheap labor, both native- born and immigrant. Italian Immigrants http://nhs.needham.k12.ma.us/cur/kane98/kane_p3_immig/Italian/Original

8. Origins of the SIRIdeal Conditions The United States had ideal conditions for RAPID industrial growth. 3. Largest domestic market in the world. Created by the growing population and an efficient transportation system. Park Row, New York City Late 19th Century http://www.nyu.edu/classes/finearts/nyc/cityhall/image/cpvny_newsrow1.JPG

9. Origins of the SIR Ideal Conditions The United States had ideal conditions for RAPID industrial growth. 4. Government support without regulation. Protected private property, subsidized railroads with grants and loans, supported manufacturers with tariffs, and refrained from regulation and heavy taxation. The White House http://www.frbsf.org/currency/iconography/whitehouse.jpg

10. Origins of the SIR Ideal Conditions The United States had ideal conditions for RAPID industrial growth. 5. Efficient transportation network. Based on the expansion of railroads. Anheuser Busch Railyards, St. Louis, MO http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mo/county/stlouis/kempland/ab-railyard2.jpg

11. Origins of the SIR Ideal Conditions The United States had ideal conditions for RAPID industrial growth. 6. Capital was plentiful. Domestic funding and European investment. Morgan Dollar In Circulation 1878-1904 http://morgandollarseries.com/format/o.jpg

12. Origins of the SIR Ideal Conditions The United States had ideal conditions for RAPID industrial growth. 7. Development of labor- saving technologies. Over 440,000 new patents were granted between 1860 to 1890. Hollerith Tabulating Machine http://www.officemuseum.com/IMagesWWW/1890_Census_Hollerith_Electric_Tabulating_Machines_Sci_Amer.jpg

13. Origins of the SIR Ideal Conditions The United States had ideal conditions for RAPID industrial growth. 8. Talented entrepreneurs provide leadership and management skills. John D. Rockefeller Cartoon http://www.artasauthority.com/images/Rockefeller.JPG

14. Impact of the RailroadsIncreased Number of Railroads and Efficiency • Ended rural and regional isolation. • Created a national market. • Trips that usually took weeks or months now take a matter of days. • Allowed regions to become more economically specialized. • Did not have to be self-sufficient and produce everything. • Could put more human and capital resources into producing what is abundant. • Bring in what the region does not have via the railroad.

15. Impact of the RailroadsIncreased Number of Railroads and Efficiency • Lowered costs of production and railroads became faster. • Trade increases as a result. • Made mass production and consumption of goods possible. • Led to more organization and became the model for large business structure. Turn-of-the-Century Engine with Cars http://www.railroad.net/articles/railfanning/worktrains/media/MW_19.jpg

16. Impact of the RailroadsIncreased Number of Railroads and Efficiency • Stimulated other industries. • Lower costs lead to lower prices for consumers which lead to increases in demand. • Meat-packing, steel, slaughterhouses, farming, textiles, etc., all grow. • Captured the imagination of the American people. Meatpacking Plant http://memoria-inventada.weblog.com.pt/arquivo/060420_meatPacking_hmed_7p.hmedium.jpg

17. Impact of the RailroadsTranscontinental Lines • May 10, 1869. • Union Pacific and Central Pacific lines connect at Promontory Point, Utah, and create the first transcontinental railroad. • Connected East to West and North to South, making the country grow closer. First Transcontinental Railroad, “Driving the Golden Spike” http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/transcontinental-railroad-2.jpg

18. Impact of the RailroadsChanges Made By Railroads • Standard gauges. • Before standardization, each company had its own track size. • New gauges allow for faster delivery of goods. • Air brakes. • Created by George Westinghouse, made it saferfor trains to travel with more carsand more weight. • Towns built near rail lines. • National system of time zones is developed. Westinghouse Corporate Logo http://www.gadgetell.com/images/2007/01/westinghouse.gif

19. Impact of the RailroadsProblems with Railroads • Too many railroads leads to too much competition. • Drives many competitors out of business. • Monopolies begin to form as the small guys are forced out. • Panic of 1893. • Effectively gave control of most railroad lines to bankers, most notably J.P. Morgan. • Decide to eliminate competition through buyouts and cutting prices. John Pierpont Morgan http://www.starway.org/Titanic/pictures/JPMorgan.jpg

20. Other Forms of TransportationThe “Horseless” Carriage • Prototype in 1770 built by French artillery officer Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot. • Used steam power, was not fast, sturdy, or safe. • First combustible engine using gasoline—1876. • First motor car in 1893, built by Charles and J. Frank Duryea. • Only the wealthy could afford the early cars, so they did not catch on. • Henry Ford would develop the assembly line, making it cheaper to produce and sale cars. Early Prototype of Ford’s Car http://oldcarandtruckpictures.com/ModelTFord/1896_Ford_Quadricycle_W-Henry_Ford_Clara_Ford_and_Henry_FordJR.jpg

21. Other Forms of TransportationThe Airplane • Orville and Wilbur Wright. • December 17, 1903 at Kittyhawk, NC. • 12 second, 120 foot flight. Wright Bros. At Kittyhawk, NC http://artfiles.art.com/images/-/Wright-Brothers-Flight-at-Kitty-Hawk-Giclee-Print-C12043022.jpeg

22. Communication RevolutionTelegraphs & Telephones • Telegraph • Samuel Morse, patented 1837. • Sent messages via dot-and-dash code over electric wires. • Would grow alongside the railroads. • Drew American closer together. • Telephone • Alexander Graham Bell, 1876. • Organized America's longest running monopoly: American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T). • Operators, mostly women, manually connected calls early on. AG Bell w/ First Telephone http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=70619&rendTypeId=4

23. Communication RevolutionTypewriter • Christopher Sholes, 1867. • Sold to E. Remington & Sons, 1873. • Keyboard design has remained relatively the same to the present day. • Typing pools formed at big businesses. • Handled the typing and copying duties for the business. • Majority of the workers are women. Turn-of-the Century Secretarial Typing Pool http://www.officemuseum.com/Office_with_letter_copying_press_and_bath.jpg

24. Impact of ElectricityThomas Edison, the Wizard of Menlo Park • One of the greatest inventors ever. • Over 1,000 patents. • Phonograph, 1877. • Light bulb, 1879. • Improved telephone strength and sound quality. • 1882, built the first power plant in New York City. Thomas Edison http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/thomas_edison.jpg

25. Impact of ElectricityGeorge Westinghouse & Nikola Tesla • Transformer with alternating current (AC). • Allowed electricity to travel longer distances. George Westinghouse http://www.explorepahistory.com/images/tn_ExplorePAHistory-a0b9u7-a_349.JPG Nikola Tesla http://www.salrestivo.org/NikolaTesla.jpg

26. Rise of Big Business:Theories of Capitalism

27. Rise of CapitalismCapitalism Defined • Private businesses run most industries. • Gain economic wealth through taking advantage of technological advances. • Profits drive business. • Law of Supply (Business Owners). • High price, increased production. • Low price, reduced production. • Law of Demand (Buyers). • High price, decreased demand. • Low price, increased demand.

28. Conservative Economic TheoriesLaissez Faire Economic Theory • Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776. • The economy is regulated by the “invisible hand” of supply and demand. • Government does not have to be involved. • “Hands off” policy of the government. Adam Smith http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/s/fotos/smith_adam.jpg

29. Conservative Economic TheoriesLaissez Faire Economic Theory • Allow businesses to do what needs to be done with little government intervention. • Industrialists would appeal to laissez-faire to keep out intervention, even when they were accepting government subsidies and protected by tariffs. • Government regulation will reduce prosperity and self-reliance. The Wealth of Nations http://www.ibiblio.org/ml/covers/WealthNations.jpg

30. Conservative Economic TheoriesSocial Darwinism • Based on Darwin's theory of evolution, would be developed by Herbert Spencer. • Natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the economy. • Concentration of wealth in the hands of the “fit” was a benefit to the human race as a whole. Darwinian Theory http://www.flyfishingdevon.co.uk/salmon/year3/psy339evaluation-evolutionary-psychology/darwin-ape.jpg

31. Conservative Economic TheoriesSocial Darwinism • Professor William G. Sumner of Yale. • Help for the poor was misguided because it interfered with the laws of nature. • Would only weaken the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit. Social Darwinism http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=24413&rendTypeId=4

32. Conservative Economic TheoriesThe Gospel of Wealth:God Gave Me My Riches • The use of religion to justify the wealth of successful industrialists. • The Protestant work ethic. • Hard work and material success were signs of God's favor. • John D. Rockefeller: “God gave me my riches.” • Rev. Russell Conwell, lecture Acres of Diamonds. • Everyone had a duty to become rich. John D. Rockefeller http://www.chelationtherapyonline.com/anatomy/images/JDRd.jpg

33. Conservative Economic TheoriesThe Gospel of Wealth:God Gave Me My Riches...To Use for the Common Good • Andrew Carnegie, Wealth. • Argued that the wealthy had a God-given responsibility to carry out projects of civic philanthropy for the benefit of society. • Carnegie spent over $350 million to build libraries, universities, and other public institutions. Andrew Carnegie, King of Steel http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=70619&rendTypeId=4

34. Rise of Capitalism Rags to Riches • Many leading businessmen and industrialists grew up poor and struggling. • The “American Dream.” • Horatio Alger. • 1869, Luck and Plucknovel series. • Told stories of poor children who bettered their lives through hard work, wise investments, and self-reliance. • Used Andrew Carnegie as his model. • Inspired generations of young children. Horatio Alger, adrift in new york http://infodome.sdsu.edu/about/depts/spcollections/exhibits/0104/images/drift_b.jpg

35. Rise of Capitalism Rags to Riches • The reality of Horatio Alger. • Opportunities existed, but rags-to-riches was unusual. • Typical businessman was a WASP male who came from an upper-middle class background whose father was in business or banking. Polish Immigrant Family http://www.sbschools.org/schools/bc/mediacenter/immigration/images/immigrant.gif

36. Rise of Capitalism New Ways of Doing Business Monopolies • A company gains near exclusive control of an industry. • Little or no competition. • Controlled the price and quality of a product. Mr. Monopoly http://blogs.usatoday.com/photos/uncategorized/blogmonopoly.jpg

37. Rise of Capitalism New Ways of Doing Business Mergers • Horizontal Merger • Combining two or more companies competing in the same industry. • Example: If Coke & Pepsi would merge. • Vertical Merger • Combining companies that are involved in different stages of production of a certain product. • Example: Steel. • Carnegie bought iron and limestone mines in Minnesota, coal fields in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, railroad lines from Cleveland and Erie to Pittsburgh, and barge companies on the Three Rivers and Great Lakes. . Merger Cartoon http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/dbr/lowres/dbrn449l.jpg

38. Rise of Capitalism New Ways of Doing Business Advertising • Targeted what people wanted or needed through catchy slogans, bright posters, and catalogs. Early Coca-Cola Ad http://www.antiquetrader.com/mark/content/binary/CocaCola1.jpg

39. Rise of Capitalism New Ways of Doing Business Department Stores & Catalog Shopping • Catalog shopping allowed people from across the country to order goods and services from other parts of the country. • Sears catalog was the most popular. • Department stores. • One-stop shopping and services are offered for dry goods. • Wanamaker’s, Macy’s, JC Penney, Sears, Kauffmann’s, etc. • Woolworth’s Five and Dime Stores. • The original Wal-Mart or K-Mart. • Offered cheaper goods to the public. Bloomingdale’s First Store http://www.kipnotes.com/bloomies1ststore.jpg

40. Rise of Big Business:The Robber Barons

41. John D. RockefellerOil Refining • Formed the Standard Oil Trust. • Destroyed competition through “horizontal integration” and price slashes. • H. I.—Mergers within the same industry to gain control. • Lower prices leads to more control of the market. • By 1880, controlled 90% of the nation’s oil refining capacity. • Supported the arts, medicine, and education. Rockefeller’s Oil Trust http://aftermathnews.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/rockefeller_octopus.jpg

42. Andrew CarnegieSteel, Coal, Iron • Started poor, but invested wisely. • Built up enough capital to invest in steel. • Used the Bessemer process to produce strong steel more cheaply. • Used “vertical integration” to gain control. • Purchase companies involved in the production of materials for certain projects. • The Gospel of Wealth. • The rich were morally obligated to use wealth for fellow citizens. Andrew Carnegie http://www.libraryhistorybuff.org/images/pic-carnegie-cartoon-72.jpg

43. John PierpontMorganBanking, Railroads, Steel • Son of a rich banker. • Bailed the U.S. out of financial problems. • Used his profits from banking to buy into other industries. • Bought Carnegie Steel in 1903 for $500 million. • Used companies to drive out competition. • Very, very ruthless. John Pierpont Morgan Bailing out the US Gov’t. http://blogs.usatoday.com/photos/uncategorized/blogmonopoly.jpg

44. Cornelius VanderbiltRailroads • Started as a shipping company. • Bought small railroads during the Civil War. • Provided more efficient service by purchasing smaller lines and combining them. Cornelius Vanderbilt http://i.a.cnn.net/money/galleries/2007/fortune/0702/gallery.richestamericans.fortune/images/vanderbilt.jpg

45. George WestinghouseRailroad Brakes, Electricity • Produced air brakes for rail cars. • Made it safer for trains to haul more cars and travel more quickly. • Dominated the air brake market with his patents. George Westinghouse http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/images/timeline_images/1868_young_george.jpg

46. George PullmanRailroad Cars • Built sleeping and dining cars. • Created his own town for his workers, wanting to provide them with their basic needs and encourage an educated, healthy, and peaceful working population. George Pullman http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/images/georgepullman1.jpg

47. The Impact • Concentration of wealth – 1890’s, the top 10% controlled 90% of the nation’s wealth; created a new class of millionaires (European royalty) • Horatio Alger Myth – sold more than a million copies; every story showed a young man of modest means becoming rich and successful through honesty, hard work , and a little luck • Expanding middle class – increased need for white collar jobs; middle management was needed ; increased the need for other middle class services • Wage earners: 1900, 2/3 of Americans worked for wages; determined by the law of supply and demand large pool of immigrants kept wages low; David Ricardo’ “iron law of wages” ; real wages rose steadily late 19th C; 1890, 11 million families averaged $380 in annual income • Working Women – 1 out of 5 in 1900; young and single; most jobs restricted to those seen as extensions of domestic duties; as demand for clerical workers increased, women moved into formerly male jobs; professions that became feminized lost status and received lower wages • Labor discontent - unstable and mobile, changed jobs every 3 years; absenteeism and quitting was higher than unions

48. Second Industrial RevSecond Wave of Immigration Ellis Island http://www.history.com/minisites/ellisisland/images/ellis_island_image.jpg

50. Old Immigration vs. New ImmigrationCharacteristics of the Old Immigration • Northern European • English, Scots-Irish, German, Dutch, Scandinavian, Jewish. • Predominantly Protestant. • Many had a small amount of education and could speak English well. • A large number were skilled workers. Fighting Irish Logo http://www.sheridanbeachrental.com/images/Irishman.jpg