1 / 54

MODERN ERA

MODERN ERA. INTERACTIONS: 1750 - 1914. THEMES. Modernization Reform, industrialization, progress minus Westernization Westernization The west as the cultural, economic, political model Democratization Increasing franchise, increasing governmental voice Industrialization, Mechanization

gjune
Télécharger la présentation

MODERN ERA

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. MODERN ERA INTERACTIONS: 1750 - 1914

  2. THEMES • Modernization • Reform, industrialization, progress minus Westernization • Westernization • The west as the cultural, economic, political model • Democratization • Increasing franchise, increasing governmental voice • Industrialization, Mechanization • Machines, technology replace human, animal muscle • Mass production of items, decreasing prices • Commercialism, Consumerism • Capitalism, profit, buying replace tradition, command in economics • Disruptions, Conflict, War • Change marks all societies leading to conflict, war • Population Movements • Urbanization, Immigration, Migration • Western Global Hegemony • It is the West and all of the Rest • Globalization or Diversity • Global Unity vs. Regional Autonomy; Think Globally, Act Locally

  3. MODERN ERA INTERACTIONS: WARS & CONFLICT 1750 - 1914

  4. THE FIRST “WORLD” WARS • 1750 - 1765 • War of Austrian Succession and Rise of Prussia • France, Spain, England, Portugal, Dutch, Russia, Sweden in wars • Rise of Prussia as a great power, England as a super power • Showed balance of power doctrine at its fullest • Colonial Wars • Battles fought around the world • Colonies changed hands, colonials effected • English, French contest for North America • France lost influence in North America, Caribbean, India • England emerges as world’s super power • British navy rules seas unopposed • Acquires former French North American colonies • Acquires preeminent influence in India • Acquires right to supply slaves to Spanish Americas • Spain, Portugal, Dutch no longer great powers • American Revolution 1776 – 1783 and the Wider World Impact • British colonists revolt, inspired by Enlightenment • American ships ranged seas attacking English • Dutch, French, Spanish support colonial efforts • Dispatch aid, ships, troops to fight British in colonies, on seas • Spain invades English colonies to support colonists • Russians, Prussian, Swedes pledge an armed neutrality against UK • Treaty of Ghent ends war, gives Americans independence • Canada begins to rise as British loyalists immigrate to area • Led to bankruptcy of France and French Revolution • Great impact, influence on Latin Americans, European reformers

  5. WAR OFAMERICANINDEPENDENCE

  6. THE FRENCH & NAPOLEON • An Era of Global Conflict from 1792 to 1814 • French Revolution as Interaction • French revolutionary success sparked interest throughout Europe, Americas • Many revolutionary regimes set up by French armies in Italy, Germany • Haiti rebels during French Revolution • Spanish American colonies achieve independence • Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) • Brilliant military leader; upset the Balance of Power • Became general in royal army at 24 • Supported the revolution; defended the Directory • His invasion of Egypt was defeated by British army • Overthrew Directory; named himself consul for life

  7. Napoleon's empire • 1804, proclaimed himself emperor • Dominated the European continent • Annexed lands in Italy, Netherlands, Germany, Spain; controlled other thrones • Defeated Austria and Prussia, Occupied Spain and Portugal, allied with Scandinavia • Perennial Enemy: Great Britain who controlled the high seas • Disastrous invasions of Spain, Russia in 1812 destroyed Grand Army • The fall of Napoleon • Forced by coalition of enemies to abdicate in 1814, exiled on Elba • Escaped, returned to France, raised army • Defeated by British in 1815 at Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena • Collapse of much of Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, French empires • Great Britain became literally the only surviving major colonial power

  8. EUROPE 1812 & 1815

  9. RUSSIAN EXPANSION • Nineteenth-century Russia • Collapse of Napoleon left Russia as great power • Russia dominates Eastern Europe (saved both Prussia, Austria) • Russia increased presence in Central Europe, Northern Europe • Russia wants to push into Ottoman SE Europe, SW Asia • Expands into Central Asia, Pacific • Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Conservatism • Official government policy to uphold conservatism • Pre-destined Russia to oppose revolution, change everywhere • Rise of Pan-Slavic Nationalism • Sought to control all Orthodox, Slavs • Brought Russia into conflict with Ottoman Empire, Austria in Balkans • Also wanted access to Mediterranean Sea • Hoped to seize control of Constantinople

  10. Conflicts • War against the Ottoman Empire • Numerous wars to acquire Turkish lands in SE Europe, Caucasus • Supported rise of Christian Balkan states under Russian influence • Crimean War 1853 - 1856 • France, Great Britain, Sardinia supported Ottomans • Crushing defeat; forced tsars to modernize army, industry • Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 • Russian expansion into China, Korea met Japan • Japanese attack Russia without warning • Defeat two Russian fleets, armies • First defeat of a European by an Asian power • Japan emerges as a world military power

  11. RUSSIAN EMPIRE

  12. THE SICK OLD MAN OF EUROPE • The issue of Ottoman State called the Eastern Question • A central concern of European diplomacy from 1800 to 1914 • At issue was whether to preserve or partition Ottoman Empire • By 1800s, Ottoman Empire a dying state • Central government • Horribly corrupt, unable to reform, unviable • Central authority breaks down and provinces begin to rebel, break off • Multinational state • Greeks, Slavs, Albanians, Rumanians, Jews, Arabs, Kurds, Armenians • Conflicting traditions demanding autonomy • Nationalism affects some subject peoples • Mehmet Ali of Albania seeks independence • Muhammad Ali of Egypt seeks independence • Greek Rebellion in 1820 achieves independence • Serbs, Bulgars, Rumanians, Albanians follow in late 19th century

  13. Russians, Austrians prey on Ottoman Territory • Russians constantly looking to take over territory • Austrians, Germans, French, English oppose Russian designs • French, English interested in markets, protecting Suez Canal • Balkan Wars and the Ottoman Empire • Congress of Berlin 1878 • Territory lost to Austria, Russia • Serbia, Montenegro, Rumania, Bulgaria declared independent • Westerners intervene to protect Christians, economic interests • Often Russia was the loser and it bred Russian resentment • Balkan Wars led to a Russo-France alliance and the Austro-German alliance • England very troubled by late period German interest in Ottoman Empire • World War I was often called the last of the Balkan Wars

  14. THE DECLINEANDPARTITIONOF THEOTTOMAN EMPIRE

  15. EGYPT & THE WORLD • Napoleon’s Invasion of (Egypt) Ottoman Empire • French Revolution and ideas influence Ottoman Europeans • Napoleon invaded Egypt, made radical changes while in possession • Introduced westernization, nationalism into Egypt • Destroyed Mameluk army without serious loss • Showed the weakness, outdated nature of the Muslim institutions • English halt invasion and restore Turkish control of Egypt

  16. Muhammad Ali emerges as ruler of Egypt after Napoleon • Began process to modernize Egyptian army • Hired European officers, adopted European tactics • Invaded Syria; builds modern fleet to invade Greece, Turkey • Modernizes economy to support military • Increased production of cash crops for export: cotton, hemp, indigo • Improved harbors, irrigation, increased revenues • Reform frustrated by worried Europeans, traditional Muslims • Europeans destroy navy at Battle of Navarino

  17. Khedives and European Intervention • Successors to Muhammad Ali ruled Egypt, Sudan until 1956 • Egypt: single export crop economy (cotton): vulnerable to fluctuations • Khedives unable to balance expenses, borrowed heavily from Europeans; in debt

  18. The Suez Canal • French build canal connecting Mediterranean, Red Sea (1869); controlled Egyptian debt • Canal becomes critical to British empire, route to Asia; purchased Khedive’s stock • British, French intervened militarily in 1882 when Khedive could not pay debts • Khedive calls in British troops to protect him from army revolt • British intervened, ruled Egypt through puppets, the Khedive • British officers controlled Egypt’s finance, foreign affairs; protect Canal

  19. AMERICAN CIVIL WAR • War not just an American domestic conflict • France, UK nearly intervened for South • Both dependent on Southern cotton • Both provided aid to Southern blockade runners • France and Mexico 1863 - 1867 • Revolution ousted Santa Anna; Juarez new leader • Mexico owed Europeans money • Europeans occupy Veracruz, ignored Monroe Doctrine • France set up a puppet regime under Austrian emperor

  20. Austria, Prussia, Russia supported North • Saw Southern secession as revolt against legitimacy • Poland 1863: Three nations suppressed rebellion • Three nations warned France, UK not to get involved • Russian fleets anchored in Northern ports • US bought Alaska in 1867 to repay Russia for support • Prussia observed Union military • Learned from Northern art of war, rebuilt army • Increased use of railroads as instrument of war

  21. Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address • Had world impact • Reminded French, English that North not South represented democracy • Came at same time as the Russian emancipation of their serfs • Union’s Industry and Agriculture productivity increased • Northern industry boomed; after war turned to exporting finished goods • Northern agriculture mechanized to support war; increased productivity, exports • Egypt and India developed • Cotton production increased to offset loss of American cotton • UK and France increased interests in Egypt, India • Brazil became last slave holding regime in Americas after 1865

  22. MEXICO IN MODERN ERA:INSTABILITY AND FOREIGN INTERVENTION • Mexican Republic under Santa Anna • Until his death dominated Mexico • Saw himself as a Latin Napoleon • Constantly in debt to foreigners • Revolt of Texas led to conflict with US • Mexican American War 1846 – 1848 • Mexico lost 1/3 of its territory • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • US expanded to Pacific and annexed Texas • The French Intervention • Benito Juarez • Liberal Indian President of Mexico • He started a liberal revolt • La Reforma which was powerful • Conservatives turned to French for support • French troops land • French install an Austrian emperor on throne • Backed emperor with French troops, French money • US demanded French withdrawal in 1867 • Supply insurgents with arms; Juaristas win • Diaz Era Dictatorship to 1910 • Encouraged foreign investors • Built rails, telegraphs; developed mines, plantations • Country largely became property of American businesses • Mexican oligarchy and foreign investors got wealthy • Average Mexican standard of living declined; Indians exploited

  23. OPIUM WARS • 1795 Maccauley Mission and After • British send diplomatic, trade delegation to China • Chinese tell British they are not interested in trade • China made mistake of underestimating Europeans • Forced British, Europeans to trade through Canton • Chinese exported silks, porcelains, teas for silver • Chinese refused to trade for manufactures

  24. Opium trade • A serious threat to Qing dynasty by 19th century • Cohongsystem restricted foreign merchants to Canton • China had much to offer, but little demand for European products • East India Company cultivated opium to trade for Chinese goods • British found that Chinese would trade for opium • 1810: 4500 chests weighing 133 pounds yearly • By 1839, 40,000 chests traded yearly • Opium draining revenue, destroying economy, society • By 1838, 1% of 400 million Chinese were addicted

  25. The Opium War (1839-1842) • Commissioner Lin Zexu directed to stop trade • British merchants refused • Lin confiscated, destroyed 20,000 chests of opium • British reaction • British retaliated, easily crushed Chinese forces, destroyed Grand Canal • British navy destroyed Chinese navy with steam gunboats • British army invades and emperor sues for peace • 2nd Opium war erupts in 1850s which the British won • British begin using Hong Kong and five other ports • 2nd Opium War in 1860s: France, UK crush China

  26. CHINA: UNEQUAL TREATIES • Unequal treaties forced trade concessions from Qing dynasty • Treaty of Nanjing, 1842 • Britain gained right to opium trade • Obtained most-favored-nation status • Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain • Called unequal treaties • Made with western countries and Japan • Extraterritoriality • Foreigners not subject to Chinese laws • Criminal acts tried in Western courts • Chinese crimes against westerners tried in western courts • By 1900, China lost control of economy to foreigners • Foreigners invest in China, control industry • Ninety ports open to foreign powers • Foreigners issued own stamps, had own post

  27. Spheres of influence eroded Chinese power • Foreign powers seized Chinese tribute states • Vietnam (France) • Burma (United Kingdom) • Korea, Taiwan (Japan) • Effective partition of China by 1898 • China carved into spheres of economic influence • France: Southern China • UK: Canton area, Shantung area, Yangzte River, Tibet • Russia: Manchuria, Sinkjiang • Japan: Amoy area across from Taiwan, Southern Manchuria • Chinese government ineffective • Foreign merchants, missionaries free to run about country • Foreign legations (embassies) control many cities • Western, Japanese ships sail up, down rivers without interruption

  28. CHINA & CONCESSIONS

  29. MODERN ERA INTERACTIONS: IMPERIALISM 1750 - 1914

  30. IMPERIALISM • Motives of imperialism • Modern imperialism • Refers to domination of industrialized countries over subject lands • Domination achieved by trade, investment, business activities • Two types of modern colonialism • Colonies ruled and populated by migrants • Colonies controlled without significant settlement • Economic motives of imperialism • European merchants made personal fortunes • Expansion to obtain raw materials • Colonies were potential markets for products • Political motives • Strategic purpose: harbors, supply stations • Overseas expansion used to defuse internal tensions • Cultural justifications of imperialism • Christian missionaries sought converts in Africa and Asia • "Civilizing mission“/"white man's burden“ justified expansion • Tools of empire • Transportation technologies supported imperialism • Steam-powered gunboats reached inland waters of Africa and Asia • Railroads organized local economies to serve imperial power • Western military technologies increasingly powerful • Firearms: from muskets to rifles to machines guns • In Battle of Omdurman 1898, British troops killed eleven thousand Sudanese in five hours • Communication technologies linked imperial lands with colonies • Oceangoing steamships cut travel time from Britain to India to weeks • Telegraph invented in 1830s, global reach by 1900 • Difference between colonialism and imperialism

  31. EMPIRE IN ASIA • The British empire in India • Company rule under the English East India Company • EIC took advantage of Mughal decline in India, began conquest of India in 1750s • Built trading cities and forts at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay • Ruled with small British force, Indian troops called sepoys • Sepoy Rebellion, 1857: attacks on British led to reprisals • British imperial rule replaced the EIC, 1858 • British viceroy and high-level British civil service ruled India • British appointed viceroy, ran all domestic, foreign policy • Indians held low-level bureaucratic positions • Economic restructuring of India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) • Introduction of commercial crops: tea, coffee, opium • Built railroads, telegraph lines, canals, harbors, irrigation • Did not interfere with Indian culture, religion • Established English-style schools for Indian elites • Outlawed Indian customs considered offensive, (sati)

  32. Imperialism in central Asia and southeast Asia • "Great Game" refers to competition between Britain, Russia in central Asia • By 1860s Russian expansion reached northern frontiers of British India • Russian and British explorers mapped, scouted, but never colonized Afghanistan • Russian dominance of central Asia lasted until 1991 • Dutch East India Company held tight control of Indonesia (Dutch East India) • British colonies in southeast Asia • Established colonial authority in Burma, 1880s • Port of Singapore founded 1824; was base for conquest of Malaya, 1870s • French Indochina created, 1859-1893 • Consisted of Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos--former tribute states of Qing dynasty • French encouraged conversion to Christianity, established western-style schools • Thailand left in place as buffer between Burma and Indochina

  33. IMPERIALISM IN ASIA

  34. SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA • 1875 and 1900 • European powers seized almost the entire continent • Early explorers charted the waters, gathered information on resources • Missionaries like David Livingstone set up mission posts • Henry Stanley sent by Leopold II of Belgium to create colony in Congo, 1870s • To protect their investments and Suez Canal, Britain occupied Egypt, 1882

  35. South Africa • Settled first by Dutch farmers (Afrikaners) in seventeenth century • By 1800 was a European settler colony with enslaved black African population • British seized Cape Colony in early nineteenth century, abolished slavery in 1833 • British-Dutch tensions led to Great Trek of Afrikaners inland to claim new lands • Mid-19TH century, they established Orange Free State in 1854, Transvaal in 1860 • Discovery of gold and diamonds in Afrikaner lands; influx of British settlers • Boer War, 1899-1902: British defeated Afrikaners, Union of South Africa

  36. The Berlin Conference, 1884-1885 • European powers set rules for carving Africa into colonies, Africans not invited • Occupation, supported by European armies, established colonial rule in Africa • By 1900 all of Africa, except Ethiopia and Liberia, was controlled by European powers • Colonial rule challenging and expensive • "Concessionary companies": granted considerable authority to private companies • empowered to build plantations, mines, railroads • made use of forced labor and taxation, as in Belgian Congo • unprofitable, often replaced by more direct rule • Direct rule: replacing local rulers with Europeans--French model • justified by "civilizing mission" • hard to find enough European personnel • Indirect rule: control over subjects through local institutions--British model • worked best in African societies that were highly organized • assumed firm tribal boundaries where often none existed

  37. AFRICA 1880 & 1914

  38. EMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC • Australia and New Zealand • Both became settler colonies in the Pacific • 1770, Captain Cook reached Australia, reported it suitable for settlement • 1788, one thousand settlers established colony of New South Wales • Became a penal colony after loss of Georgia in American Revolution • 1851, gold discovered; surge of European migration to Australia • Fertile soil and timber of New Zealand attracted European settlers • Europeans diseases dramatically reduced aboriginal populations • European flora and fauna replaced most native species • Large settler societies forced indigenous peoples onto marginal lands

  39. Pacific Islands • Spain and the Pacific • Pacific had been a Spanish possession until 19th century (Philippines, Micronesia) • Spanish yearly shipments of silver from Mexico to China ended in 1812 • Colonization of Pacific Islands delayed until late nineteenth century • Early American visitors to the Pacific • American Whalers throughout region after American revolution • American merchants on way to China began in 19th century • California Gold Rush open Pacific coast to immigrants from Europe, China • US challenged rule in 1854 when Commodore Perry forced Japan to open ports • Some missionaries active especially in Hawaii and on way to China • Late nineteenth century, • European states sought coaling stations and naval ports • 1867: USA acquires Alaska, Wake Island • 1898: USA acquires Hawaii, Philippines, Guam • 1899: German buys remaining Spanish islands • By 1900, all islands claimed by France, Britain, Germany and United States. • Island plantations produced sugarcane, copra, guano

  40. EMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC

  41. Manifest Destiny. . .what does one painting say?

  42. U.S. IMPERIALISM • Westward Expansion, Manifest Destiny precede overseas imperialism • Americans push west after American revolution • Drove Indians from land • US purchases Louisiana from France • Opened up West to settlement • Americans saw it as God-given right to occupy continent • The Monroe Doctrine and Latin America • 1823: proclamation by U.S. president James Monroe • Opposed European imperialism in the Americas • Justified American interventions in late 19th, 20th century • Used doctrine to tell France to withdraw from Mexico in 1867 • United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 • Hawaii became a protectorate in 1875, formally annexed in 1898 • Tended to leave area open only for American investments, loans • The Mexican American War 1846 – 1848 • US annexation of Texas set off conflict with Mexico • US defeats Mexico, annexed 1/3 of Mexican territory • Settlement of Far West, Pacific Coast, Great Basin follows • 1867 – 1898 • Acquires small Pacific Islands, Alaska from Russia in 1867 • Economic interests in Hawaii lead to revolution, annexation in 1898 • The Spanish-American War (1898-99) • US defeated Spain and took over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines • US and Philippines • Backed Filipino revolt against Spain, purchased and took over the colony • 1902-1904, bitter civil war killed two hundred thousand Filipinos, ended in U.S. victory • The Panama Canal, 1903-1914 • Colombian government refused U.S. request to build canal at Panama isthmus • US helped rebels establish the state of Panama for the right to build a canal • Completed in 1914; gave United States access to Atlantic and Pacific

  43. MAP OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISM

  44. IMPERIAL JAPAN • Japan and the West • 1854: US Commodore Perry forces Japan out of isolation • Japanese resented unequal treaties of 1860s • Borrowed western knowledge • Resolved to become imperial power • Early Japanese expansion in nearby islands • 1870s, to the north: Hokkaido, Kurile islands • By 1879, to the south: Okinawa and Ryukyu Islands • Meiji Government • Prussia trained Japanese army, Britain trained Japanese navy • Bought British warships, built up navy, began building own ships • Established military academies • 1876, imposed unequal treaties on Korea at gunpoint • Made plans to invade China • The Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) • Rebellion in Korea: Chinese army sent to restore order, reassert authority • Meiji leaders declared war against China, demolished Chinese fleet • China forced to cede Korea, Taiwan, Pescadores, Liaodong peninsula • Japan helps suppress Boxer Rebellion, creates own zones in China • The Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) • Russia had territorial ambitions in Liaodong peninsula, Korea, Manchuria • Japanese navy destroyed local Russian forces • Reinforcements from Baltic sunk at Battle of Tushima • Japan now a major imperial power • Made an alliance with Great Britain • 1910: Annexes Korea

  45. JAPANESE EMPIRE

  46. MODERN ERA INTERACTIONS: RISE OF INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY 1750 - 1914

  47. DIPLOMACY: BALANCE OF POWER & HEGEMONY • Century: Era of Western hegemony in all areas • Balance of Power dominates century • After Napoleon, great powers kept peace • Intervened in European affairs to maintain balance • Goals and Policies • No one power should dominate • No nation should be eliminated • No permanent ideologies threaten peace • Brokered conferences to decide touchy issues • International Organizations • Non-governmental Organizations new in history • Try to promote international accord • Establish cooperation • Red Cross • Established at end of Crimean War • Provide health care, relief following catastrophes • Olympics • Resurrected in 1896 • Healthy competition • International Laws • Diplomacy reaches highest level during period • Rules of Peace and War • Hague Conferences and Conventions • Agreements create standards, rules of war, peace • Neutrality was a key concept • Civilians were not to be touched

  48. PRE-WAR ALLIANCES • Rival systems of alliance • Germany forms alliances • Bismarck attempts to isolate France • Until 1890, Germany had alliances with all except France • Obligated allies to come to one another's defense • France and Russia • Found themselves isolated, fearful of Germany • Formed Double Entente to end their isolation • The Triple Alliance • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • Germany, Austria allied 1879 • Italy joined in 1882 (Triple Alliance) • Others Allied States • Ottoman Empire: German railroads, reforms of military • Bulgaria and Rumania fearful of Russia and Serbia • The Double and Later Triple Entente • France, Russia • Common enemy: Germany, common war plans • Worked together diplomatically • Why the United Kingdom joined • Due to rivalry with Germany over colonies and German construction of a navy • After German pre-war diplomacy seemed to lead to war • Shifting series of treaties ended with a military pact, 1914 • Japan had a separate alliance with Great Britain for Asia Pacific • War plans: each power poised and prepared for war • Military leaders devised inflexible military plans and timetables • France's Plan XVII focused on offensive maneuvers and attacks • Germany's Schlieffen plan: swift attack on France, defend against Russia

  49. ALLIANCESc. 1914

More Related