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Chapter 2-Minerals

Chapter 2-Minerals. Element – substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. There are more than 112 – 92 natural, 20 man-made. Periodic Table – organizes elements by properties. Atomic Number = # of protons = # of electrons Atomic Mass = # of protons + #neutrons

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Chapter 2-Minerals

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  1. Chapter 2-Minerals Element – substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. There are more than 112 – 92 natural, 20 man-made. Periodic Table – organizes elements by properties. Atomic Number = # of protons = # of electrons Atomic Mass = # of protons + #neutrons Isotope – atoms with the same # of protons, but different # of neutrons. Compound – substance that consists of 2 or more elements bound together.

  2. What defines a mineral?: 1. Homogeneous – made out of all of the same material. There are over 3000 known minerals. 2. Naturally occurring. 3. Always a solid. 4. Has a unique, chemical crystalline structure. 5. Inorganic 6. Crystal – shape

  3. How They Form: • Crystallization from magma. • Precipitation • Pressure and temperature • Hydrothermal solutions

  4. Properties of Minerals: • Color test (streak) • Hardness test – ability of a mineral to resist scratching. Moh’s Scale of Hardness is used for testing. • Specific gravity, density • Luster – metallic/non-metallic • Crystal form • Cleavage/fracture

  5. Special Properties: -HCl fizz test -flourescent -magnetic -odor ** All minerals can melt (including diamonds)!

  6. Types of Bonds: • Ionic – between positive and negative ions. Ion – atom that has gained or lost electrons. • Covalent – atoms share electrons. • Metallic – electrons are shared by metal ions.

  7. Gems are stones or other materials that have value. • Gems can be fashioned into jewelry. The use of stones in jewelry is known as art of lapidary. • The study of gems is called gemology.

  8. Opal

  9. Ruby

  10. Turquoise

  11. Diamond

  12. Garnet

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