OBJECTIVES A thorough study of Chapter 15 should enable you to understand

1. OBJECTIVES • A thorough study of Chapter 15 should enable you to understand • conditions in the former Confederacy after Appomattox that would have made any attempt at genuine reconstruction most difficult. • The differences between the Conservative and Radical views on the reconstruction process and the reasons for the eventual Radical domination. • The functioning of the impeachment process in the case of President Andrew Johnson and the significance of his acquittal for the future of Reconstruction. • Radical Reconstruction in practice and Southern (black and white) reaction to it. • The debate among historians concerning the nature of Reconstruction its accomplishments and its harmful effects on the South. • The national problems faced by President Ulysses S. Grant and the reasons for his lack of success as chief executive.

2. OBJECTIVES Cont • 8. The diplomatic successes of the Johnson and Grant administrations and the role of the presidents in achieving them. • 9. The greenback question and how it reflected the postwar financial problems of the nation. • 10. The alternatives that were available during the election of 1876 and the effects of the so-called Compromise of 1877 on the South and on the nation. • 11. The methods used by white Southerners to regain control of the region's politics. • 12 The reasons for the failure of the South to develop a strong industrial economy after Reconstruction. • 13. The ways in which Southerners decided to handle the race question and the origin of the system identified with "Jim Crow."

3. 1863 1896 Reconstruction and the New South

4. Reconstruction and the New South • The Problems of Peacemaking   • The Aftermath of War and Emancipation  Richmond, VA 1865 (Library of Congress)

5. RECONSTRUCTION • PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION • 1865: ARTICLE XIII - • CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION • 1868: ARTICLE XIV - • 1870: ARTICLE XV • 1871: KLU KLX KLAN ACT • END OF RECONSTRUCTION • 1877 - COMPROMISE OF 1877 • 1878 - POSSE COMITATUS ACT

6. Reconstruction and the New South • The Problems of Peacemaking   • Plans for Reconstruction  • Competing Notions of Freedom  • African-Americans Vs. Southern Whites • Freedman’s Bureau  • The Death of Lincoln   • The Death of Lincoln  Abraham Lincoln, 1865 (Library of Congress)

7. Reconstruction and the New South • The Problems of Peacemaking   • Johnson and “Restoration”  • Amnesty and Oaths of Allegiance  • Provisional Governments • Wade-Davis Bill

8. I pledge allegiance to the flagof the United States of Americaand to the country for which it standsone nation under God, indivisible,with liberty and justice for all. • The pledge of allegiance was written in 1892 by Francis Bellamy. • The “Pledge of Allegiance” was said for the first time on Columbus Day in 1892. Children in more than 120,000 schools across the country joined in the very first salute to the flag. 

9. Confederate Oath of Office I ____ do solemnly swear that I will faithfully and impartially perform all the duties incumbent upon me as ____ of Henderson County according to the best of my skill and ability agreeable to the constitution and laws of the State of Texas and also the constitution and laws of the Confederate States of America so long as the State of Texas shall remain in that Confederacy. And I do further solemnly swear that since the 2nd day of March 1861 that I being a citizen of of Henderson County, Texas have not fought a duel with deadly weapons, nor have I acted as second in carryng a challenge or acted, advised, or assisted any person thus offending, so help me God.

10. RECONSTRUCTION LOYALTY OATH Oath of AllegienceNo. 584THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. I, ___________, do solemnly swear (or affirm,) in the presence of Almighty God, that I will hereafter faithfully support, protect and defend the Constitution of the UNITED STATES, and the union of the Statesthereunder; and that I will, in like manner, abide by, and faithfully support all laws and proclamations which have been made during the existing rebellion with reference to the emancipation of slaves. So help me God. 

11. OFFICIAL Oath of Office (Except for the President and Enlisted Soldiers) I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter: So help me God.

12. Presidential Oath of Office "I, name, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and I will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."

13. SOLDIER’S OATH OF OFFICE 'I, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according to regulations and the Uniform Code of Military Justice. So help me God.'

14. Reconstruction and the New South • Radical Reconstruction  • The Fourteenth Amendment • Guidelines for Citizenship • No denial of suffrage • Denial of Confederates from Congress  • The Congressional Plan • Stricter readmission • Military Zones • Black male suffrage  • The Black Codes  • Vagrancy Laws  • Manumission • Civil Rights Act of 1866

15. Reconstruction and the New South • The Impeachment of the President • Tenure of Office Act • Edwin M. Stanton  • The Reconstructin Governments  • “Carpetbaggers” • Blacks in Congress  • Landownership The South in Reconstruction  • Landownership and Tenancy

16. Reconstruction and the New South • The South in Reconstruction  • Incomes and Credit • Rise in Wage • Loss of Hours • Crop-Lien system   • The African-American Family in Freedom • Migration • Shifting gender roles

17. The Grant Administration   • The Soldier President  • Stalwart dominance • Importance of Black vote • Spoils system 

18. Reconstruction and the New South • The Grant Administration • The Grant Scandals  • Credit Mobilier • “Whiskey Ring” • “Indian Ring” • The Greenback Question  • Greenback Vs. Sound currency  • Specie Resumption Act • National Greenback Party

19. Reconstruction and the New South • The Grant Administration • Republican Diplomacy  Seward’s Folly?

20. Reconstruction and the New South • The Abandonment of Reconstruction   • The Southern States “Redeemed” • Enforcement Acts • Suspension of habeas corpus • Federal occupation   • Waning Northern Commitment 

21. Reconstruction and the New South • The Abandonment of Reconstruction    • The Compromise of 1877  

22. The Abandonment of Reconstruction • ThePosse ComitatusAct of 1878 • SEC. 15. From and after the passage of this act it shall not be lawful to employ any part of the Army of the United States, as a posse comitatus, or otherwise, for the purpose of executing the laws, except in such cases and under such circumstances as such employment of said force may be expressly authorized by the Constitution or by act of Congress; and no money appropriated by this act shall be used to pay any of the expenses incurred in the employment of any troops in violation of this section And any person willfully violating the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished by fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars or imprisonment not exceeding two years or by both such fine and imprisonment. • 10 U.S.C. (United States Code) 375

23. The Abandonment of Reconstruction • The Birth of Jim Crow 1892 - Plessy Vs. Ferguson • The End of Jim Crow 1954 – Brown Vs. Board of Education 1964 – Civil Rights Act

24. Reconstruction and the New South • The New South   • The “Redeemers” • White democracy restored • “Bourbons” • “Home Rule”  • Industrialization and the “New South”  • Rise of industry • Dominance of wage earning • Monopoly formation 

25. Reconstruction and the New South • The New South    • Tenants and Sharecroppers  

26. Reconstruction and the New South • The New South    • African Americans and the New South • Booker T. Washington • The Birth of Jim Crow • Plessy Vs. Ferguson • Cumming Vs. County Board of Education • Disenfranchisement of African-Americans 

27. The Legacy of Reconstruction and the New South • On the Historical Record   • Revisionist History • On Popular Culture • The Birth of a Nation • On Human Rights • Race Riots • Lynching

28. Reconstruction and the New South • Debating the Past: RECONSTRUCTION William A. Dunning, Reconstruction, Political and Economic (1907) W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction (1935) John Hope Franklin Kenneth Stamp Eric Foner, Reconstruction. America’s Unfinished Revolution (1988)

29. The Ku Klux Klan 1866 - Founded in the town of Pulaski, Tennessee 1867 - A former Confederate General named Nathan Forest became the Grand Wizard, commander in chief of the KKK 1915 - The Birth of  a Nation 1925 – March on Washington – 40,000 (Over 1 million members) Lynching 1882 - 1968: 4,743 persons died of lynching, 3,446 of them black men and women. 1882 to 1901: 100 per year average.

30. RACE RIOTS 1863 - New York Draft Riots (108 deaths / ½ dozen lynchings) 1866 - Memphis, TN (46 Killed) 1866 - New Orleans (34 Killed) 1898 - Wilmington, N. C. (30 Killed) 1906 - Atlanta, Ga. (12 Killed) 1908 - Springfield, Ill. (6 Killed) 1917 - East St. Louis, Ill. (100-200) Killed) 1919 - Chicago, Ill. 1919 - Chicago, Ill. (38 Killed) 1919 - “The Red Summer” 26 race riots (over 100 killed) in such cities as: Chicago, Illinois; Washington, D.C.; Elaine, Arkansas; Charleston, South Carolina; Knoxville and Nashville, Tennessee; and Longview, Texas; 1921 - Tulsa, Okla. (150-250) Killed) 1923 - Rosewood, Florida (8 Killed) 1943 - Detroit, Mich. (28 killed)

31. GEMEINSCHAFT IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY San Diego Hammerskin Nation World Church of the Creator Aryan Nations Fallbrook Tom Metzger / Founder- White Aryan Resistance Save Our State (Vanguard Neo Nazi members) Lemon Grove Alex Curtis / SDSU History Student Oceanside Attack on Migrants

32. LOSING OUR STANDARDS ONE IS TEMPTED TO ASK OF WHAT USE ARE STANDARDS OF ANY KIND. WHY SEEK TO HAVE ANY, EITHER PRIVATE OR PUBLIC, IF IN A FEW YEARS THEY WILL DISSOLVE IN A FLUX OF GOOD FEELING? IF THERE EVER WAS A WAR FOUGHT ON BEHALF OF DEMOCRACY, OF INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY, OF SUBSTANCIAL CHRISTIANITY, IT WAS THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR. BOTH SIDES CANNOT HAVE BEEN RIGHT; NOR IS IT TRUE THAT BOTH WERE READY TO SPILL BLOOD MERELY BECAUSE OF A CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION. TO INSIST NOW THAT THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE IN THE IDEALS AND PURPOSES OF THE TWO FORCES OF 1861 IS TO REDUCE HISTORY TO THE PLANE OF THE MOTION-PICTURE SHOWS, TO MAKE LIGHTOF THE GREATEST SACRIFICES EVER OFFERED IN THIS OR ANY COUNTRY FOR THE PRINCIPLES OF PATRIOTISM. IT IS TO DECRY THE MEN THAT SAVED THE UNION IF WE DECLARE THAT THERE WAS ONLY A CHANCE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEIR VIEWS AND THOSE OF THEIR OPPONENTS, OR TO ASSERT THAT TIME HAS WIPED OUT ALL THE PRINCIPLES FOR WHICH LINCOLN AND HIS FOLLOWERS STOOD. TO TAKE SUCH A POSITION IS TO SAY THAT THERE IS NOTHING STEADY IN OUR POLITICAL FIRMAMENT, THAT THERE ARE NO FIXED STARS OF MORALITY BY WHICH HUMAN BEINGS MUST STEER - The Nation, New York, 1900

33. RECONSTRUCTION • PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION • 1865: ARTICLE XIII - • CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION • 1868: ARTICLE XIV - • 1870: ARTICLE XV • 1871: KLU KLX KLAN ACT • END OF RECONSTRUCTION • 1877 - COMPROMISE OF 1877 • 1878 - POSSE COMITATUS ACT