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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Reality is ‘out there’ waiting to be captured. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH. Stems from positivism, determinism, materialism and empiricism. POSITIVISM. The universe consists of real, independent phenomena that we can come to know through direct observation.

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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

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  1. Reality is ‘out there’ waiting to be captured QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Stems from positivism,determinism,materialism and empiricism

  2. POSITIVISM The universe consists of real, independentphenomena that we can come to know throughdirect observation

  3. Absolute time, true and mathematicaltime, of itself and by its own nature,flows uniformly, without regard to anything external. Sir Isaac Newton

  4. DETERMINISM All that happens has a definite cause and gives riseto a definite effect. The future of any part of thesystem can, in principle, be predicted with absolutecertainty. Capra (1983)

  5. What exists, exists in some amount.What exists, and even relationshipsbetween existing phenomena, areamenable to observation andmeasurement MATERIALISM –THE QUANTIFIABILITY OF MATTER

  6. Knowing is the result of first-hand, direct observation EMPIRICISM

  7. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Reality is ‘in here’ and others only have access to it to the extent that they share my world view. My research findings are a personal construction of how I view events and my job as a researcher is to persuade others that my account is trustworthy Stems from constructionism and phenomenologism

  8. CONSTRUCTIONISM … what we take to be objective knowledge andtruth is [actually] the result of perspective Schwandt (1994) … contrary to commonsense, there is no unique ‘real world’ that pre-exists and is independent of human mental activity … Bruner (1986)

  9. PHENOMENOLOGISM Perceptions define reality Different people define reality in different ways In order to understand a person’s reality we have to look at the world through their eyes

  10. DEDUCTION vs INDUCTION DEDUCTION: Theory-based inference Hypothesis-testing INDUCTION: Observation-based inference Theory building

  11. Focus is on groupsandsimilarities NOMOTHETIC vs IDIOGRAPHIC RESEARCH Nomothetic Concerns general or universal statements or laws

  12. Focus is on individualsanddifferences NOMOTHETIC vs IDIOGRAPHIC RESEARCH Idiographic Concerns things that are individual or unique

  13. An interview is a conversation with a purpose Dexter (1970) QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: INTERVIEWING

  14. PURPOSES OF INTERVIEWING Here and now constructions Reconstructions Projections Triangulation

  15. STRUCTURED vs UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEWSLincoln & Guba (1985) Structured interviews are used when the researcher knows what he or she does not know Unstructured interviews are used when the researcher does not know what he orshe does not know

  16. SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS Include fixed predetermined questions thatall participants are asked, but also askfollow-up questions as new issues ariseduring the interview

  17. ANALYSIS OF INTERVIEW DATAInductive hierarchical content analysis Verbatim transcriptions of interviews Familiarisation Establish unit of analysis (discrete quotes)

  18. “Training was just taking over my whole life,I was constantly injured, andmy coach would never give me a break”

  19. “Training was just taking over my whole life,I was constantly injured, andmy coach would never give me a break”

  20. I just knew I couldn’t beat the Africans in the race I just couldn’t sleep the night before I had a niggling hamstring problem I just messed up my strategy right from the start I went down with some sort of virus the day before I worried too much about what everyone would say if I didn’t win a medal I didn’t really work hard enough in the training camp I made the wrong decision in taking the lead so early I don’t think my stress fracture had fully healed I just wasn’t as fit as I should have been It must have been something I ate in the Village I lost it on the last lap when I realised I just couldn’t catch the front runners It was so noisy in the Village, I never got enough sleep I just kept thinking ‘This is my last chance to win a medal and I’m going to blow it’ I didn’t really work out a proper race plan in training I had this sore throat when I got up and just didn’t feel right It was so hot all the time; I never seemed to have any energy When I saw the others make such fast times in the heats I just lost confidence I pulled a muscle in the heats The thought of not doing well just seemed to paralyse me I didn’t follow my race plan

  21. I just messed up my strategy right from the start I made the wrong decision in taking the lead so early I didn’t follow my race plan Bad tactics I didn’t really work hard enough in the training camp I just wasn’t as fit as I should have been I didn’t really work out a proper race plan in training Poor preparation I had a niggling hamstring problem I don’t think my stress fracture had fully healed I pulled a muscle in the heats Injury I went down with some sort of virus the day before It must have been something I ate in the VillageI had this sore throat … and just didn’t feel right Illness I just couldn’t sleep the night before It was so noisy in the Village, I never got enough sleep It was so hot … I never seemed to have any energy Fatigue I worried too much about what everyone would say if …. I just kept thinking ‘This is my last chance to win…’ The thought of not doing well just seemed to paralyse me Fear of failure I just knew I couldn’t beat the Africans in the race I lost it on the last lap ... couldn’t catch the front runners When I saw the others make such fast … I just lost confidence Fear of the opposition 1st order themes 1.Identify first order(emergent) themes:Cluster quotes to unite quotes with similar meanings and separate quotes with different meanings

  22. 2nd order themes I just messed up my strategy right from the start I made the wrong decision in taking the lead so early I didn’t follow my race plan Bad tactics Poor Judgement I didn’t really work hard enough in the training camp I just wasn’t as fit as I should have been I didn’t really work out a proper race plan in training Poor preparation I had a niggling hamstring problem I don’t think my stress fracture had fully healed I pulled a muscle in the heats Injury I went down with some sort of virus the day before It must have been something I ate in the VillageI had this sore throat … and just didn’t feel right Illness Physical problems I just couldn’t sleep the night before It was so noisy in the Village, I never got enough sleep It was so hot … I never seemed to have any energy Fatigue I worried too much about what everyone would say if …. I just kept thinking ‘This is my last chance to win…’ The thought of not doing well just seemed to paralyse me Fear of failure Psychological issues I just knew I couldn’t beat the Africans in the race I lost it on the last lap ... couldn’t catch the front runners When I saw the others make such fast … I just lost confidence Fear of the opposition 2.Identify second order themes: Cluster first order themes to unite themes with similar meanings and separate themes with different meanings

  23. 3rd order theme I just messed up my strategy right from the start I made the wrong decision in taking the lead so early I didn’t follow my race plan Bad tactics Poor Judgement I didn’t really work hard enough in the training camp I just wasn’t as fit as I should have been I didn’t really work out a proper race plan in training Poor preparation I had a niggling hamstring problem I don’t think my stress fracture had fully healed I pulled a muscle in the heats Injury I went down with some sort of virus the day before It must have been something I ate in the VillageI had this sore throat … and just didn’t feel right Illness Physical problems Personal factors I just couldn’t sleep the night before It was so noisy in the Village, I never got enough sleep It was so hot … I never seemed to have any energy Fatigue I worried too much about what everyone would say if …. I just kept thinking ‘This is my last chance to win…’ The thought of not doing well just seemed to paralyse me Fear of failure Psychological issues I just knew I couldn’t beat the Africans in the race I lost it on the last lap ... couldn’t catch the front runners When I saw the others make such fast … I just lost confidence Fear of the opposition 3rd order themes 3.Identify higher order themes:Continue until possibilities for further clustering are exhausted

  24. Themes become moregeneral and moreinterpretative as theanalysis moves upward Each individual theme(regardless of its level)is inclusive Each theme within a givenlevel is mutually exclusive Higher level themes captureall or most lower level themes

  25. TRUSTWORTHINESS OF THE ANALYSIS Consensus validation: Researchers independently analyse the data and then discuss their results until they reach an agreement on its structure and interpretation

  26. TRUSTWORTHINESS OF THE ANALYSIS Post-construction checks Disinterested peer Member checking

  27. Reality is ‘in here’ … My research findingsare a personal construction of how I view events … Whatsoever nature may be, or howsoever the quest for truth will turn out in the end, the events we face today are subject to as great a variety of constructions as our wits will enable us to contrive. George Kelly (1970)

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