Chapter 20

1. Chapter 20 Mass Society and Democracy

2. The Growth of the Industrial Prosperity Chapter 20.1

3. The Second Industrial Revolution1870 - 1914

4. Inventors • Alexander Graham Bell – telephone – 1876 • Guglielmo Marconi – first radio waves – 1901 • Thomas Edison – light bulb - 1879 1876

5. New Patterns, New Zones • -Great Britain, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Germany, western part of Austro-Hungarian Empire and northern Italy made up an advanced industrial core. • -Still Agricultural – Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, Balkan kingdoms, Russia (provided food and raw materials for industrial countries. • -Increased sales of manufactured goods • -Wages for workers increasing • -Prices for manufactured goods lower because of reduced transportation costs • -Department stores emerge • -1900, Europe is divided into economic zones.

6. World Economy Emerges • By 1900 (beginning of 20th century) • Steamship, railroads foster world economy • Argentina and Australia - beef and wool • Brazil – coffee • Algeria – iron ore • Java - sugar

7. Organizing the Working Class • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels(1848) The Communist Manifesto • Appalled at factories conditions • Blamed system of industrial capitalism for the conditions • Called for Marxist socialism => communism • Oppressors (land owners) were abusing the oppressed (workers) • Classes struggles • Bourgeoisie (middle class) • Proletariat (the working class)

8. Marx, cont. • Marx felt that the struggle between the two groups would evidentially lead to an open revolution where the proletariat would violently overthrew the bourgeoisie • Then the proletariat would form a dictatorship (government in which a person or group has absolute power) • This in turn, he thought, would produce a classless society • Read page 620

9. Socialist parties grew out of Marx’s idea • German Social Democratic Party • 1912 – 4 million votes • Other parties grew also • Trade Unions • Unions won right to strike in Great Britain in 1870s. • 1900 – 2 million workers in Great Britain a part of trade unions. • 1914 – 4 million

10. Both: New technologies, products, forms of transport-ation

11. The Emergence of Mass Society Chapter 20.2

12. Growth of Countries, Cities • London grows from 960,000 to 6,500,000 between 1800 - 1900

13. Social Structures of Mass Society • The New Elite • Made up 5% of the population but controlled 30 – 40% of the wealth • Included landed aristocrats, industrialists, bankers, merchants, wealthy upper middle class • Became leaders in the government and military

14. The Middle Classes • Lawyers, doctors, members of the civil service, business managers, engineers, architects, accountants, chemists • Lower middle class consisted of small shopkeepers, traders, prosperous peasants • Provided goods and services to the elite • New group of white-collar workers • The Middle Class was concerned with the right way to do things. • Etiquette book – the Habits of Good Society

15. Social Structures of Mass Society, cont. • The Working Classes • Made up of almost 80% of the European population • Landholding peasants, farm laborers, sharecroppers • Skilled artisans, semiskilled laborers • Bottom of the working class was the unskilled laborers • Reforms after 1870 helped create better working conditions for this group

16. The Experiences of Women • New Job Opportunities • Demand for white-collar jobs emerged • Shortage of male workers • Store clerks, typists, secretaries, file clerks, and salesclerks • Marriage and Family • Woman’s place was still considered in the home mostly • Number of child in families declined • increase use of birth control • Family central institution of middleclass life

17. The Movement for Women’s Rights • Feminism – the movement for women’s rights • 1830s – women in U.S. and Europe argued for right to divorce and own property • 1870 – women in England earned right to own property • Middle and upper class women gained some access to universities • 1840s – 1850s movement for political women’s rights

18. Women in Women’s Movement • Amalie Sieveking(German) – nurse pioneer who founded the Female Association for the Care of the Poor and Sick • Florence Nightingale (Crimean War) & Clara Barton (U.S. Civil War) transformed nursing into a profession of trained, middle-class women • Emmeline Pankhurst (1903) founded the Women’s Social and Political Union with the help of her daughters

19. See page 621

20. Universal Education • 1870 – 1914 • Most Western governments began to set up state-financed primary schools • Children between 6 and 12 were required to attend these schools • Teacher-training schools were set up by states • Why the commitment? • Industries needed trained, skilled workers • New job possibilities • Needed better educated voters • Instilled patriotism • Literacy (ability to read) rates went up

21. New Forms of Leisure • More time for leisure • Amusement parks • Team sports • Dance halls

22. The National State and Democracy Chapter 20.3

23. Europe in 1871

24. Western Europe and Political Democracy • Great Britain • 1871: two-party parliamentary system • Liberal Party – supported by the working class • Conservative Party • Both parties were led by a ruling upper-middle-class businesspeople and aristocratic landowners • By end of WWI (1918) all males over 21 and women over age 30 could vote

25. Labour Party emerges in 1900 • Dedicates itself to the interest of workers • The National Insurance Act of 1911 provided benefits for workers in case of sickness and unemployment • Laws providing pension over age 70 and compensation for those injured at work

26. France • 1875 – The Third Republic • Republican Constitution • President • Legislature made up of two houses • Ministerial responsibility – the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body and not to the executive officer

27. Italy • 1870: United National State • Great gulf separated the poverty-stricken south and the industrialized north though • 1912: Universal male suffrage • Widespread corruption in government from dealing with problems of the country

28. Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order Germany • 1871: 2 house legislature • William II emperor from 1888 - 1918 • Otto von Bismarck: prime minister of Germany • Ministers of the government where responsible to the Emperor, not to the parliament • Landowning nobility and big industrialists tried to block the movement for democracy by supporting a strong foreign policy

29. Austria-Hungary • 1867 -Francis Joseph: emperor of the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary. • Constitution system was set up in 1867 but Emperor Joseph ignores it • Austria remains troubled by conflicts with nationalists in the state. • Germans, Czechs, Poles and other Slavic groups not getting along • Hungary’s parliament was in place. • Controlled by Magyar landowners who dominated the peasants and the ethnic groups.

30. Russia • Czar Nicolas II (1894) in power • Industrialization begins in 1890 and spreads rapidly • By 1900, Russia is the 4th largest producer of steel behind the U.S., Germany and Great Britain. • Factories pop up – dirty, unsafe • Socialist parties develop • Marxist Social Democratic Party • The Social Revolutionaries • Government forces both parties to go underground

31. Bloody Sunday • January 22, 1905 • Massive procession of workers go to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to present a petition of grievances to the czar. Troops open fire on the peaceful demonstration, killing hundreds. • “Bloody Sunday” causes workers throughout Russia to call strikes. • Bloody Sunday video clip • Duma – legislative assembly created but by 1907 was curtailed

32. United States • U.S. becomes industrial power • Aftermath of Civil War • 13th amendment passes in 1865 (abolishes slavery) • 14th amendment citizenship to African Americans • 15th amendment gives right to vote to African Americans • Jim Crow laws in Southern States strip African Americans of most rights.

33. Expansion of United States(Imperialism) Acquires: • Alaska in 1867 from Russia • Samoan Islands in the Pacific • Hawaiian Islands • U.S. sends military forces to keep the Islands under U.S. Control • Queen Liluokalni (lee-lee-oo-oh-kah-LAH-nee) • Hawaii annexed in 1898 • Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines acquired from the Spanish-American War with Spain in 1898

34. Canada • In 1870, Canada has four provinces: Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick • 1871 – 2 more: Manitoba and British Columbia • Canada extends from Atlantic to Pacific • Distrust among Canadians with English speaking and French speaking citizens

35. Alliances start to Form • The Triple Alliance of 1882 unites the powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy against France • The Triple Entente – Great Britain, France and Russia Sets stage for World War I alliances

36. Crisis in the Balkan States • 1878 – Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro become independent states • Bulgaria allowed to operate under Russian protection • Bosnia and Herzegovina were placed under the protection of Austria-Hungary • 1908 – Austria-Hungary moves to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina. • Serbia becomes outraged. • Russians supports Serbia – opposes annexation

37. The Serbs prepare for war, back by Russia • Emperor William II of Germany demands that Russia accept Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina or face war with Germany • Russians back down but vow revenge • Balkan states go to war in 1912 and 1913 against each other • By 1914, relations are tense in the area