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University-Industry Relationship

University-Industry Relationship. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences School of Medical Education Strategic Policy Sessions: 10. From Science to Technology.

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University-Industry Relationship

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  1. University-Industry Relationship Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences School of Medical Education Strategic Policy Sessions: 10

  2. From Science to Technology • For a very long time there was believed to exist a continuum stretching from very basic scientific research, through applied research and technology, to economic growth and national prosperity (Narin & Olivastro, 1992). • However, reality has shown that things are not that straightforward. • Throughout the years, different ways of modeling the interaction between science and technology have emerged from literature.

  3. Linear vs. Networked Model

  4. Industry-Science Relations • Science and technology policy in recent years has devoted much attention to fostering Industry-Science-Relations (ISR) and in several countries, policy initiatives in this realm have been launched.

  5. Why Universities Do Not Do What Companies Do and Why Companies Do Not Do What Universities Do 1.Uncertainty: Uncertain outcome of basic research. 2.Inappropriability or ‘nonmarketability’: Some results from basic research are not appropriable, because they occur at such fundamental levels of scientific analysis. 3.Spillovers: Some results from basic research can easily spill over to competitors in the same line of business that the results may actually help the competitors more than they help the company that conducted the initial research.

  6. Project Hindsight • The study assessed the contribution of science and technology to the development of weapon systems. Analysis of twenty weapon systems yielded nearly 700 research and exploratory development events. • Only 8% of them were found to be 'science events', compared with 92% 'technology events'. • Only 4% of those 'science events‘ came from pure or 'curiosity-oriented' research.

  7. TRACES • As a reaction to these negative findings, the National Science Foundation launched a study under the acronym “TRACES”. • They traced critical research events leading to five major technological innovations (magnetic ferrites, the video tape-recorder, the oral contraceptive pill, the electron microscope and matrix isolation) over a period of 50 years preceding the innovation. • Their findings show that important innovations often result from the interaction of several previously unconnected streams of scientific and technological activity.

  8. TRACES • Mansfield (1991) has added a quantitative underpinning to this positive relationship between basic science and technological development. • He focused on research performed in the 15 year period preceding the innovation under consideration. • Using a sample of 76 US firms in seven industries, he estimated that 11% of industrial innovation would not have occurred, or would have occurred with great delay, without the contribution of academic research. • Of the process innovations 9% would not have been developed in time without academic research.

  9. Intensity of The Science-Technology Linkage

  10. Industry – Science Relationship

  11. University Missions • The First Academic Revolution late 19th century; ongoing The Research University research groups and centers • The Second Academic Revolution 20th century; ongoing The Entrepreneurial University new firms and networks

  12. Forward Linear Start from research question in discipline Transfer serendipitous result to industry Applied research Product development Reverse Linear Start from problem in industry or larger society Find technology; adapt for solution Conduct new research, applied or basic First Step:Bi-Directional Linear Models

  13. Specialized Technical Advice Start-up Coaching Supports Facility Management Business Plan Development Research Grants Seed Finance Start-up Venture Capital Expansion Venture Capital Mezzanine Finance Research Founders Angel Investors Venture Capital Firm Corporate Investors Banks IPO Acquisition Main Role Researcher Inventor Entrepreneur Businessman Propositional Knowledge Prescriptive Knowledge Engineering Prototype Pre-production Prototype Product Basic Research Applied Research Product Design & Development Manufacturing & Marketing  Industries Universities 

  14. Specialized Technical Advice Start-up Coaching Supports Facility Management Business Plan Development Research Grants Seed Finance Start-up Venture Capital Expansion Venture Capital Mezzanine Finance Research Founders Angel Investors Venture Capital Firm Corporate Investors Banks IPO Acquisition Main Role Researcher Inventor Entrepreneur Businessman Propositional Knowledge Prescriptive Knowledge Engineering Prototype Pre-production Prototype Product Basic Research Applied Research Product Design & Development Manufacturing & Marketing  Industries Universities 

  15. Second Step:Assisted Linear Model (ALM) • Gap funding to explore practical implications of Academic research • Technology Transfer Office: internal and external search mechanism to identify and market Intellectual Property and assist firm formation • Incubator facility: subsidized space and support structure for Start-ups • Science Park: Source of collaborations to support above activities, creating a virtuous circle from linearity

  16. Specialized Technical Advice Start-up Coaching Supports Facility Management Business Plan Development Research Grants Seed Finance Start-up Venture Capital Expansion Venture Capital Mezzanine Finance Research Founders Angel Investors Venture Capital Firm Corporate Investors Banks IPO Acquisition Main Role Researcher Inventor Entrepreneur Businessman Propositional Knowledge Prescriptive Knowledge Engineering Prototype Pre-production Prototype Product Basic Research Applied Research Product Design & Development Manufacturing & Marketing  Industries Universities 

  17. Third Step:Triple Helix Model • Movement from bilateral to trilateral interactions • Taking the role of the other e.g., government as venture capitalist

  18. Specialized Technical Advice Start-up Coaching Supports Facility Management Business Plan Development Research Grants Seed Finance Start-up Venture Capital Expansion Venture Capital Mezzanine Finance Research Founders Angel Investors Venture Capital Firm Corporate Investors Banks IPO Acquisition Main Role Researcher Inventor Entrepreneur Businessman Propositional Knowledge Prescriptive Knowledge Engineering Prototype Pre-production Prototype Product Basic Research Applied Research Product Design & Development Manufacturing & Marketing  Government Industries Universities 

  19. Fourth Step:Differentiated Universities • In April 1998, the UK Government outlined the new university for industry (UFI) • An Average of 600 000 individuals annually participated in its learning programs by 2002 and 2.5 million used the university’s information services.

  20. Specialized Technical Advice Start-up Coaching Supports Facility Management Business Plan Development Research Grants Seed Finance Start-up Venture Capital Expansion Venture Capital Mezzanine Finance Research Founders Angel Investors Venture Capital Firm Corporate Investors Banks IPO Acquisition Main Role Researcher Inventor Entrepreneur Businessman Propositional Knowledge Prescriptive Knowledge Engineering Prototype Pre-production Prototype Product Basic Research Applied Research Product Design & Development Manufacturing & Marketing Universities for Industry  Industries 

  21. Fifth Step:Company Universities • There are a number of ‘company universities’, such as the Unipart university, Motorola university and Ford university.

  22. Specialized Technical Advice Start-up Coaching Supports Facility Management Business Plan Development Research Grants Seed Finance Start-up Venture Capital Expansion Venture Capital Mezzanine Finance Research Founders Angel Investors Venture Capital Firm Corporate Investors Banks IPO Acquisition Main Role Researcher Inventor Entrepreneur Businessman Propositional Knowledge Prescriptive Knowledge Engineering Prototype Pre-production Prototype Product Basic Research Applied Research Product Design & Development Manufacturing & Marketing Industry + University 

  23. Institutional Arrangements: Incentives to University Researchers • Formulas for the allocation of OTT revenues from license royalties: -Most common formula: Equal sharing among the university (33%), the department (33%), and the employee inventor (33%). -Another common formula: 50%-50% sharing between the university and the inventor. -Average net revenue distributions: University (35%), department (25%), and faculty inventor (40%).

  24. University-Business Interactions • Knowledge Interaction • Business Relationships • Institutional and Structural Arrangements • Spatial (geographic) interaction

  25. University-Business InteractionsA-Knowledge Interaction • Strategy and planning • Information transfers • Skill transfers • Skill enhancement • Knowledge enhancement • Access to facilities and capability • Commercial knowledge exploitation

  26. Knowledge Interaction

  27. Knowledge Interaction

  28. University-Business InteractionsB-Business Relationships • Corporate gifts and bequests • Corporate sponsorship • Cooperation • Collaboration • Contract and consultancy • Commercial participation • Commercial partnership • Commercial competition

  29. Business Relationships

  30. Business Relationships

  31. Business Relationships

  32. University-Business InteractionsC-Institutional and Structural Arrangements • University schools, faculties, departments • University research institutes and organisations • Research centres • Cooperative Research Centres • Technology transfer (licensing) companies • Joint venture companies • Professional advisory and consultancy services • University business interface organisations • Business associations • Networks, forums and roundtables • Alumni bodies • Personnel interchange • Personal networks

  33. Institutional and Structural Arrangements

  34. Institutional and Structural Arrangements

  35. Institutional and Structural Arrangements

  36. Institutional and Structural Arrangements

  37. Institutional and Structural Arrangements

  38. Institutional and Structural Arrangements

  39. Institutional and Structural Arrangements

  40. University-Business InteractionsD-Spatial (geographic) interaction • Technology precincts • Business incubators • Science and technology parks • Industry clusters

  41. Spatial (geographic) interaction

  42. Spatial (geographic) interaction

  43. Spatial (geographic) interaction

  44. Undefined Definable AssociateDegrees Defined Future Trends AnticipatedNew Programs Advanced Technology Certificates LocalNeeds New Programs/Courses Future Technology Scientific Research Certificates SpecialTopics Program Revisions Future Events EconomicDevelopment Efforts Workforce Development

  45. Six Scenarios for Universities

  46. Thank You ! Any Question ?

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