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Managing Information Technology 6 th Edition

Managing Information Technology 6 th Edition. CHAPTER 2 COMPUTER HARDWARE. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS. All computers made up of the same set of six building blocks: arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit (ALU and control unit  central processing unit or CPU), input,

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Managing Information Technology 6 th Edition

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  1. Managing Information Technology6th Edition CHAPTER 2COMPUTER HARDWARE

  2. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS All computers made up of the same set of six building blocks: • arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), • control unit (ALU and control unit  central processing unit or CPU), • input, • Output (sometimes considered jointly as input/output or I/O, • memory, • and files (i.e., secondary memory)

  3. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Input/Output • Device(s) needed to enter data into the computer for it to use in its computations • Common input • Keyboard, mice • Common output • printer, monitor

  4. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Memory • Referred to as main memory or primary memory • All data flows to and from memory

  5. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Arithmetic/Logic Unit • Mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) • Logical operations (number comparisons) Control unit • Controls the other five components of the computer system

  6. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Computer files/secondary storage • File devices used to store vast quantities of data • File storage devices: • Magnetic tape/drives • Optical CD/DVD drives

  7. BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Computer files • Types of DASDs: • Removable drives • Floppy drives • Zip drives • Keychain drives

  8. STORED-PROGRAM CONCEPT • Program • A list of what is to be done for an application • Each step or operation is called an instruction • Machine language • Form of a program that can be understood by a specific computer model • Consists of operation code and addresses

  9. STORED-PROGRAM CONCEPT • Measure of computer power • Millions of instructions per second (MIPS) • Millions of floating point operations per second (MFLOPS) • Benchmarking involves running a set of real jobs on various machines to compare speed

  10. STORED-PROGRAM CONCEPT Benchmarking

  11. EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC MODEL Cache memory • High-speed, high-cost storage • Used as intermediary between control unit and main memory • Compensates for speed mismatches built into the computer system

  12. EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC MODEL Cache memory • Locality of reference • If a piece of data is used, there is a high probability that a nearby piece of data will be used shortly thereafter • Data reuse • Data is retained in cache until it has not been recently referenced

  13. EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC MODEL Multiprocessor systems • Systems that contain more than one processor • Dual-processor vs. dual-core • Dual-processor systems contain two physically separate processors in the same box • Dual-core systems contain two complete processors manufactured as part of a single chip

  14. EXTENSIONS TO THE BASIC MODEL Multiprocessor systems • Symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) • All processors are identical and work independently of each other • Parallel processor (PP) • Multiple processors work on separate pieces of the same program • Massively parallel processor (MPP) • Machines with a large number of parallel processors

  15. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Microcomputers • Also called personal computers or PCs • Two major types of microcomputers • IBM-compatible PCs • Apple microcomputers • Examples: • Desktop PC • Laptop or notebook • Handheld or palmtop • Tablet PC

  16. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Midrange systems • Broadest category of computer systems • Workstations • More powerful microcomputers • Success due to development of the reduced instruction set computing (RISC) chip • Minicomputers • Similar to mainframe systems, but less powerful and less expensive • Used for departmental computers, office automation, and servers

  17. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Mainframe computers • The heart of the computer systems for most major corporations and government agencies • Major strength is versatility in applications • Online and batch processing • Standard business applications • Engineering and scientific applications • Network control • Systems development • Web serving

  18. TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Supercomputers • Serve as “number-crunchers” • Handle problems generated by research scientists • High-end supercomputers located in government research laboratories and major universities • Fastest supercomputer (IBM Blue Gene/L) incorporates 65,536 processors and can achieve performance of 280.6 teraflops

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