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Epidemiological Factors Related with Recent Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak in Korea

This study examines the epidemiological factors associated with the recent outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Korea, including genetic diversity, transmission methods, clinical signs in different animal hosts, and diagnostic methods. The study also highlights control strategies implemented during the outbreak and identifies potential factors contributing to the spread of FMD.

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Epidemiological Factors Related with Recent Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak in Korea

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  1. Epidemiological Factors Related with Recent Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak in Korea Han Sang Yoo DVM, Ph.D. Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea

  2. FMD? • FMD? • - Foot and Mouth Disease • FMD? • - Fast Moving Disease? • 2010,11,29. • - 1st outbreak(Andong) • 2011,1,24. • - 139thoutbreak (Kimhae)

  3. Genetic Diversity of FMDV • Serotypes • - O, A, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia 1 • - No cross immunity • Generation of new FMDV variants • - Mutation from error-prone RNA replication, • recombination, and host selection

  4. Hosts • All domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals • Cattle, pigs, goats, buffalo, deer, antelope, wild pigs, elephant, giraffe, and camelids.

  5. Transmission • Direct contact between infected and susceptible • animals • Contact with contaminated objects; hands, footwear, • clothing, vehicles • Swill feeding, milk, artificial insemination • Inhalation of infectious aerosols • Airborne up to 60 km overland and 300 km by sea • Humans can harbor FMDV in their respiratory tract • for 24-48 hours.

  6. Lesions • Vesicles • Tongue, dental pad, gums, cheek, palate, lips, nostrils, • muzzle, coronary bands, teats, udder, snout of pigs, • and interdigital spaces • Myocarditis (tiger heart) • Gray or yellow streaking in the heart from • degeneration and necrosis of the myocardium

  7. Clinical Signs in Cattle • Indicator of FMD: sick first, signs and lesions are severe • Pyrexia, anorexia, shivering, reduction in milk production • Drooling, lameness, kicking of the feet • - Caused by vesicles on buccal and nasal mucous • membranes and between the claws and coronary band • After 24 hours, rupture of vesicles leaving erosions • - Vesicles can also occur on the mammary glands • Recovery within 8-15 days

  8. Clinical Signs in Pigs • Amplifier of FMD • - Produce 30-100 time more virus than cattle and sheep • - Produce a hundred million infectious doses per day • Pyrex • Severe foot lesions and lameness • Vesicles at pressure points on the limbs • Vesicular lesion on the snout • High mortality in piglets

  9. Diagnosis • Sample collection • - Epithelial tissues from an unruptured or recently • ruptured vesicles • - Esophageal-pharyngeal fluid • Antigen detection • - Antigen ELISA • - Virus isolation • - RT-PCR • - Electron microscopic examination • - Pen-side tests • Serological tests • - Virus neutralization test, ELISA, Complement fixation test

  10. Control strategies in previous FMD outbreaks

  11. FMD outbreaks in 2010. 11 • ‘10. 11. 23 : First report to local vet. service by farmer ; decide as negative with pen-side Ab detection kit • ‘10. 11. 28 : Farmer reported again to NVQRS • ‘10. 11. 29 : First diagnosis in swine by NVQRS • ‘10. 12. 15 : Decide to vaccinate cattle ; Ring and regional vaccinations (5 regions) • ‘10. 12. 25 : Start vaccination in cattle • ‘11. 1. 10 : decide to vaccinate in all cattles and pigs • ‘11. 2. 28 : Finish 2nd vaccination to all pigs and cattles • ‘11. 3. 10 : Slaugthered animals : >3.4 millions. Vaccinated cattles and pigs : >13 millions

  12. Outbreak of FMD in Korea ( 2010. 11- ) Hanwoo Pig dairy cattle 2010.12.31 - 2010. 12. 20 - First outbreak in 10.11.29 20101 1. 10 - 2010.11.29 - 2010.1. 24 -

  13. Suspected Epidemiological Factors • Late detection of First case of FMD - Use of pen-side antibody detection kit - Did not follow SOP for FMD suspect, vesicle forming diseases - Late control to move vehicles, pepoles, etc.

  14. Suspected Epidemiological Factors II. Systems in the livestock industry in Korea - Slaughtering system ; different location with raising areas of animals - Feed distribution system ; big companies covers several places. - Distribution system of livestock related materials ; delivery men for semen and drugs, veterinarians, consultants -> they visit several farms at same day.

  15. GW 231,599 GG 303,042 North CC 203,211 South CC 394,020 North GS 597,692 North JL 332,917 South GS 328,115 South JL 500,761 JJ 30,487 Raising Hanwoo · beef cattle in Korea (2010. 12)

  16. Distribution of beef slaughter house in Korea (2010) GW (9) 35,000 GG (14) 289,000 North CC (10) 54,000 South CC (6) 50,000 North GS (11) 89,000 North JL (9) 36,000 South GS (10) 118,000 South JL (11) 77,000 JJ 3,500 Province (Number of Slaughter house) Scale of slaughter

  17. GW 461 GG 1,879 North CC 574 South CC 1,900 North GS 1,262 North JL 1,201 South GS 1,233 South JL 868 JJ 502 Raising pigs in Korea (2010. 12) (Unit : Thousand pigs)

  18. Distribution of pork slaughter house in Korea (2010) GW (8) 744 GG (15) 3,262 North CC (11) 2,359 South CC (8) 1,625 North GS (11) 1,447 North JL (10) 1,457 South GS (12) 1,977 South JL (12) 1,038 JJ (1) 721 Province (Number of Slaughter house) Scale of slaughter

  19. Distribution of feed plants in Korea GW 3 GG 17 North CC 5 South CC 11 North GS 5 North JL 15 South GS 10 South JL 4 JJ 2

  20. Suspected Epidemiological Factors III. Other factors - Transportation system - Weather in this winter - Not enough Biosecurity systems in Korean farms - Late slaughter of infected animals - Late decision making in vaccination - Shortage of FMD vaccine - Korean cultures in farming areas - Others

  21. Suspected routes of transmission of FMD 10.12.14 10.12.15 cattle Pig 10.12.22 10.12.23 10.12.22 transportation of cattles 10.12.23 First outbreak 10.11.28 11.1.1 Transport of manures Transportation : Feed, Rice straw Transportation : Feed, Rice straw, Animals etc. First outbreak 10.11.29 11.1.24

  22. Frozen preventive measures against FMD FrozenHan river Frozen preventive measures

  23. Suspected Epidemiological Factors I. Late detection of First case of FMD - Use of pen-side antibody detection kit - Did not follow SOP for FMD suspect. II. Systems in the livestock industry in Korea - Slaughtering system - Feed distribution system - Distribution system in livestock related materials ; semen, drugs, veterinarians, consultants III. Other factors - Transportation system - Weather in this winter - Not enough Biosecurity system in Korean farms - Korean cultures in farming areas

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