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Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium falciparum. 0verview. Malaria Plasmodium falciparum biology toxins Vaccines Mosquitoes. What is Plasmodium falciparum ?. Protozoa Malaria. http://www.traveldoctor.info/diseases/1.html. Impact. 300 million acute illness 100 million deaths

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Plasmodium falciparum

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  1. Plasmodium falciparum

  2. 0verview • Malaria • Plasmodium falciparum biology • toxins • Vaccines • Mosquitoes

  3. What is Plasmodium falciparum? • Protozoa • Malaria http://www.traveldoctor.info/diseases/1.html

  4. Impact • 300 million acute illness • 100 million deaths • A child in Africa dies every 30 seconds http://mosquito.who.int/cmc_upload/0/000/015/372/RBMInfosheet_1.htm

  5. Most vulnerable population http://www.lakareutangranser.se/default.asp?mall=1&ArtikelID=165&UrvKat=43&Kategori=

  6. Symptoms of infection • Characteristic fever 2-3 day cycle cold stage hot stage sweating stage • Anemia • Renal failure • Seizures • coma

  7. Diagnosis • Symptoms • Microscopy • PCR • ELISA http://mosquito.who.int/docs/hbsm_diagnosis.htm

  8. Treatment • Chloroquine most common and effective drug used to treat malaria • Causes nausea, blurred vision, and in some cases neurological dysfunction and seizures http://www.globalphar.com/chl_pic.php

  9. Roll Back Malaria • Insecticide treated nets • Indoor residual spraying • Intermittent preventatives • Prompt treatment http://www.rbm.who.int/cgi-bin/rbm/rbmportal/custom/rbm/home.do

  10. Mosquitofish http://www.clevelandaquariumsociety.org/mosquitofish.jpg

  11. Life cycle of Plasmodium Falciparum http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/pfalcip01.htm

  12. Sporozoits in the liver • Pores • Kupffer cells • Reproduction http://k12education.uams.edu/scvlab/history.htm

  13. Sporozoits in the blood http://astuasbalas.blogspot.com/2004_02_01_astuasbalas_archive.html

  14. Gametocyte development Sexual commitment Sequestered in bones Resistance to quinine Longevity “Female” gametocyte http://www.bepast.org/dataman.pl?c=lib&dir=docs/photos/malaria

  15. Gametocyte Infectivity • Temp drop • Red blood cells lysed • Xanthurenic acid and exflagellation • eye color http://lozere.org/perso/malaria/parasit.htm

  16. Gametogenisis • Rapid morphological changes “male” gametocyte http://www.ksu.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/Plasmodium01.html

  17. Ookinets • 2 divisions • Anatomy of a mosquito midgut http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/biology/news/encounter/

  18. Oocysts • Sporozoit budding • Number of sporozoits per oocyst http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/plasmodium.html

  19. Sporozoits • Migration http://www.malarlife.dfl.org.za/malaria%20virus%20photos.htm

  20. Mosquito bites person… http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/pfalcip01.htm

  21. Pathogenicity http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conMediaFile.5757/outputRegister/lowhtml

  22. Toxins • Resistance • Hemozin • TNF-alpha IL-1 and IFN-gamma http://www.wordsources.info/words-mod-malaria.html

  23. Tumor Necrosis factor http://www.farm.kuleuven.ac.be/anafar/lab/protein/tnf.htm

  24. Toxicity and pathogenicity Proteins and cell membranes

  25. Rosetting • Five receptors • Immune system evasion?

  26. Antigenic Variation • Opportunities abound http://www.lovetoparty.co.nz/images/SURPRISE.jpg

  27. Crossover http://www.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/GIFS/crossover.jpg

  28. Var Family http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dir/labs/lmvr/mgs.htm

  29. Research About Malaria

  30. PO phosphoriboprotein http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15322057

  31. Vaccines • New treatment • Acquired immunity • challenges http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/jmoodie/vacc2.html

  32. Prevention of Liver stage infection http://www.med.nyu.edu/parasitology/faculty/ufrevert.html

  33. Vaccinating mosquitoes http://www.bigthings.ca/manitoba/pictures/1mos1.jpg

  34. Paratransgenesis http://www.mbl.edu/Astrobiology/Riley/image/E.coli.gif http://www.invivo.fiocruz.br/celula/imagens/bacillus.jpg

  35. Engineering mosquitoes • 3 stages AgAper promoter vitellogenin promoter salvitory promoters http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/206/21/3809/FIG2

  36. Other ways to reduce infection http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/bees/ http://k12education.uams.edu/scvlab/history.htm

  37. Future challenges • Funding • Research • Distribution • Funding

  38. Conclusion • "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." Thomas Alva Edison

  39. Sources • See notes section for a list of references arranged by slide number.

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