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Ecology

Ecology. 1. What is Ecology???. study of how living things interact with each other and the environment Explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in. 2. Organisms, Habitat & Niche.

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Ecology

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  1. Ecology 1

  2. What is Ecology??? • study of how living things interact with each other and the environment • Explains how living organisms affect each other and the world they live in. 2

  3. Organisms, Habitat & Niche • Organisms are individual living things; organisms need energy and matter from the environment • Habitatis the place a plant or animal lives • Nicheis the role an organism plays in the environment 3

  4. Habitat One habitat might contain hundreds or even thousands of species. A rotting log in a forest can be home to many species of insects, including termites that eat decaying wood and ants that feed on the termites. Other species that live on and under rotting log include millipedes, centipedes spiders, and worms. 4

  5. The Nonliving Environment • Abiotic Factors: the NONLIVING parts of an organism’s environment. • Examples: air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life. 5

  6. The Living Environment • Biotic Factors: All the LIVINGaspects of an environment. • All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection. 6

  7. Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic 7

  8. Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic 8

  9. Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic 9

  10. Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic 10

  11. Levels of Organization 11

  12. Figure 3-2 Ecological Levels of Organization “Organism” 12

  13. 1st Level of Organization • Organism: An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops 13

  14. 2nd Level of Organization • Population:A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time. • Compete with each other for resources 14

  15. 3rd Level of Organization • Biological Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. 15

  16. 4th Level of Organization • Ecosystem: Populations of ALL biotic and abiotic things that interact with each other in a given area. • Terrestrial=Land • Aquatic=Water 16

  17. 5th Level of Organization • Biosphere:The portion of Earth that supports LIFE!! • Made of air, land, and fresh and salt water. 17

  18. Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism

  19. What level of organization? Organism 19

  20. What level of Organization? Population 20

  21. What level of Organization? Community 21

  22. Ecology Recap Video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlnFylwdYH4 22

  23. Levels of Organization Drawing • Fig. 2.4 Page 40 • Draw • Label • Color • Descriptions Write and answer the following questions on the back of the drawing. • Ecology is the study of _____ on several levels of biological organization. • Which level of organization are organisms able to interbreed and live in the same place? • Which level of organization includes biotic and abiotic factors?

  24. Energy Flow and Feeding Relationships 24

  25. Energy Flow • Energy in an ecosystem originally comes from the sun • Energy flows through Ecosystems from producer to consumers 25

  26. AUTOTROPHS(PRODUCERS)make their own foodEx: PLANTS 26

  27. AUTOTROPHS (producers) They trap energy from the sun (which is the main source of all energy for living things) They are always at the bottom of a food chain

  28. The energy that is NOT used by PRODUCERS can be PASSED on to CONSUMERAKA: Heterotroph PRODUCER CONSUMER 28

  29. Heterotrophs (consumers) get food from another source Ex. Animals

  30. Types of Consumers: Carnivores Eat Meat -Predators Hunt prey/animals for food. -Scavengers (Detritivores) Feed On Dead Plant & Animal Remains Herbivores Eat Plants Omnivores Eat both plants and meat 30

  31. Types of Consumers: • Primary consumers Are Herbivores (eat plants) -they eat producers • Secondary consumers Are carnivores (eat meat) -eat primary consumers • Tertiary consumers Are carnivores (eat meat) -eat secondary consumers

  32. Decomposers (fungi and bacteria) • Breakdown dead/dying organisms • Absorb some nutrients, return the rest to the environment

  33. SUNLIGHTis the main source of energyPossible ways organisms obtain energy:1. Photosynthesis - uses light energy to make "food” for organisms.

  34. 2. Chemosynthesis- makes food from chemicals (some bacteria do this) Some bacteria live in deep ocean vents, and make their food from chemicals in those vents

  35. Food Chain • Shows the flow of food and energy through an ecosystem. Note the arrows show the direction of energy flow. Not what eats what! Each step in a chain or web is called a TROPHIC LEVEL (organisms are less likely to survive in a Food Chain) 35

  36. 4th Order Consumer Producer(trapped sunlight & stored food) 3rd Order consumer 1st order Consumer 2nd Order Consumer 36

  37. Name the Producer & Consumers in this food chain: Main source of ENERGY Tertiary Consumer Secondary Consumer Producer Primary Consumer 37

  38. Food Web shows all possible feeding relationships in a community at each trophic level Represents a network of interconnected food chains made up of many food chains (organism more likely to survive) 38

  39. Food Web Secondary & Tertiary consumers – Carnivores & Omnivores Primary consumers - Herbivores Producers 39

  40. Food ChainFood Web -just 1 path of energy -all possible energy paths -simple -more complex

  41. Toxins in food chains Energy decreases as it moves up the food chain, toxins increase in potency as they move up the food chain. This is called biological magnification Ex: DDT & Bald Eagles

  42. Ecological Pyramids Graphic Representations Of The Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Trophic Level May be: Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers 42

  43. Energy Pyramid shows how much energy is produced at each level. • Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat. 43

  44. Biomass Pyramid Shows the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid. 44

  45. Pyramid of Numbers Shows the relative number of organisms at each trophic level. 45

  46. Understanding Pyramids Drawing Fig. 2.14, 2.15 & 2.16 Page 52 and 53 • Draw • Label • Color • Descriptions Write and answer the following questions on the back of the drawing. • An ecological pyramid can show how ____ flows through an ecosystem. • Only ___% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level. • What is the total weight of living matter at each trophic level?

  47. Cycles of Nature 47

  48. The Cycles of Nature Biogeochemical Cycles(biology + geology + chemical) Matter is not used up, it is transformed, the same molecules are passed around---matter is recycled in nature—cycling maintains homeostasis in the environment. • Carbon cycle • Nitrogen cycle • Water cycle

  49. CARBON CYCLE: • Photosynthesis takes carbon out of the atmosphere • Respiration puts carbon in the atmosphere • Carbon and oxygen get cycled through the environment • All living things contain carbon, so when decomposers break organisms down they release carbon back to the atmosphere

  50. Many human activities put carbon into the atmosphere CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in Ocean Car Exhaust _________________ _________________ _________________ Factory Emissions Burning Fossil Fuels 50

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