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Nandi County sites

Livestock production and mycotoxins in Nandi County BY ERASTUS K. KANG’ETHE 1 ; GATWIRI MURITHI 2 AND CHRISTINE MBURUGU-MUSOTI 2 1 , University of Nairobi 2 , Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. Nandi County sites. Nandi County Sites.

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Nandi County sites

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  1. Livestock production and mycotoxins in Nandi CountyBYERASTUS K. KANG’ETHE1; GATWIRI MURITHI2 AND CHRISTINE MBURUGU-MUSOTI21, University of Nairobi2, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  2. Nandi County sites KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  3. Nandi County Sites • Nandi North /Central lies between 1,300m to 2,500m above the sea level in the highlands. • receives mean rainfall of between 1,200-2,000mm per yea - bimodal. • Kipkaren and Kabiyet are ideal for maize and wheat cultivation. The climate is ideal for dairy activities. Maize sufficient. KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  4. Nandi county • Nandi Central rises from 1,400m along the border with Nyando district to 2,400m above sea level in the highlands • Upper Highland (UH) Lower Highlands (LH1-2) and Upper Midlands (UM1-2). • Nandi South is a maize deficit zone despite being 68% arable and having good climate KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  5. Livestock statistics • Family size 5.9 greater than National average 4.6 • Average number of cows per household 3.0 in Kaptumo, 4.1 in Kipkarren and 4.4 in Kilibwoni • Milk production per cow per day was 2.9 l Kipkarren; 4.3, Kaptumo and 3.1l in Kilibwoni • Ratio of milking to total females 1:1.2 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  6. Mycotoxins • Mycotoxins are produced by specific genera of fungi – Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium spp. • The toxigenic fungi can invade crops during pre- and post harvest periods producing toxins. • Toxin production is favored by environmental conditions - temperature, moisture, water activity, relative humidity KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  7. Mycotoxins • Fungi normally grow between 10 - 400C, pH between 4-8, Aw below 0.70. • Some of the metabolites have been used as therapeutic agents - fumagillin, fusaric acid, and mycophenolic acid. • Dispute as to why fungi produce the mycotoxins – anti- insect and anti –rodent agents while others think are reactions to agricultural biocides KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  8. Mycotoxins • Diversity of mycotoxins depends on interactions of a number of factors which include: types of substrate, moisture content, available nutrition, temperature, humidity, maturity of the fungal colony, co occurrence with other fungi, competition from other microorganisms, stress factors, physical damage of the substrate etc. KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  9. Household selection Criterion • Dairy farming, growing maize, millet and sorghum • Child under five years, pregnant spouse • 255 households selected • 62 Kilibwoni • 98 Laboret • 96 Chepkongongy KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  10. Livestock Keeping in Nandi ( KNBS 2009) KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  11. Livestock Numbers KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  12. Livestock Numbers KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  13. Livestock Numbers KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  14. Aflatoxins and Fumonisins KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  15. Aflatoxin and fumonisins KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  16. Sources of mycotoxins • Growing pasture –fungal contamination of grasses • Silage • Hay, straw and Maize stovers • About 25% of the worlds cereals are contaminated by aflatoxins (FAO, 1987, CAST 1989) KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  17. Husbandry practices KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  18. Husbandry Practices KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  19. Feed Sources KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  20. Effects of aflatoxin : Cattle • Clinical signs seen in cattle fed contaminated feeds - chronic exposure • Target organ is the Liver • Reduced weight gain • Reduced feed conversion efficiency • Reduced milk production (33 % Masri et al 1969) • Decreased feed intake • Reduced fertility (2%, Gutherie 1979) • Increased susceptibility to diseases KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  21. Effects of aflatoxin: Poultry • Poultry are the most susceptible to aflatoxin among the livestock with ducks being the most among poultry. • Clinical signs include:- • Reduced feed intake • Reduced egg production • Reduced hatchability of eggs • Poor egg shell quality • Leg problems – rickets • Carcass condemnation - bruising KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  22. Effects of aflatoxin: swine • Feeding system in pigs can increased incidences of introduction of aflatoxins- wet feeding systems • Clinical signs in piggery include:- • Reduced feed intake • Reduced growth rate • Lower sow productivity – 800ppb –fewer piglets born live /weaned • Liver damage • Vit E (mulberry heart disease) and A deficiency (inco-ordination and hind legs paralysis) KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  23. Effects of aflatoxin in swine • Depressed immune response – reduced phagocytosis by 36% - in vitro tests with pig cells given 100ng/ml of AFB1, reduced antibody and interleukin production (Liu et al 2002). KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  24. Effects of aflatoxin in Horses • Live longer in farms than other livestock • 300ppb cause death • Loss of weight, • Poor body condition • Reduced fertility • Liver necrosis • Immune suppression. KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  25. Aflatoxin in Animal feeds KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  26. Aflatoxin in Milk KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  27. Fumonisins in Feeds KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  28. Fumonisin effects in Livestock • Equine leucoencephalomalacia • Porcine pulmonary edema • Liver toxicity • Reduced weight gain • Reduced reproductive efficiency • Reduced milk and egg production • Increased susceptibility to stress and d’se infections • Disruption of lipid metabolism KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  29. Economic impacts • Aflatoxin residues in milk • 2% of the dietary aflatoxin will be converted into AFM1 • There are over 1.5M smallholder farmers who produce the bulk of the 4.07Million tonnes (FAO, 2009) • Per capita Consumption of 145 liters (CGIAR, 2008) • Source of chronic exposure • This could hinder trade –non tariff barrier. KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  30. Economic Impact of Mycotoxins • Aflatoxin found in eggs • The ratio of transmission of aflatoxin B1 in feed to eggs and muscle has been shown to be 5000:1 (Oliveira et al 2000, Bintvihok et al2002) • No data on prevalence of aflatoxin in eggs in Kenya KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  31. Control Knowledge- Use of spoilt maize Knowledge – Safety of milk of Aflatoxin contaminated feed KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

  32. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTMinistry of Foreign Affairs Finland, MTT and University of NairobiSFSD TeamThank you KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

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