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Cyber Identity: Navigating Security Realities in the Digital Age

Explore the complexities of cyber security through the lens of RBAC and UCON frameworks, addressing issues of trust, integrity, and confidentiality. Discover the impact of security models on electronic commerce and operations across various platforms, with a focus on achieving good enough security for end users and system owners. Unveil the convergence of academic and entrepreneurial mindsets in managing security risks in an uncertain world.

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Cyber Identity: Navigating Security Realities in the Digital Age

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  1. Cyber-Identity, Authority and Trust in an Uncertain World Prof. Ravi Sandhu Laboratory for Information Security Technology George Mason University www.list.gmu.edu sandhu@gmu.edu

  2. Outline • Perspective on security • Role Based Access Control (RBAC) • Objective Model-Architecture Mechanism (OM-AM) Framework • Usage Control (UCON)

  3. Security Conundrum • Nobody knows WHAT security is • Some of us do know HOW to implement pieces of it Result: hammers in search of nails

  4. USAGE purpose • electronic commerce, electronic business Security Confusion • DRM, client-side controls INTEGRITY modification AVAILABILITY access CONFIDENTIALITY disclosure

  5. Security Successes • On-line banking • On-line trading • Automatic teller machines (ATMs) • GSM phones • Set-top boxes • ……………………. Success is largely unrecognized by the security community

  6. Good enough security Real-world users Security geeks SECURE EASY • end users • operations staff • help desk • whose security • perception or reality of security System owner Business models dominate security models COST • system solution • operational cost • opportunity cost • cost of fraud

  7. Good enough security COST L M H Entrepreneurial mindset Academic mindset H 1 2 3 R I S K 2 3 4 M L 3 4 5

  8. ... RBAC96 model(Currently foundation of a NIST/ANSI/ISO standard) ROLE HIERARCHIES USER-ROLE ASSIGNMENT PERMISSIONS-ROLE ASSIGNMENT USERS ROLES PERMISSIONS SESSIONS CONSTRAINTS

  9. Fundamental Theorem of RBAC • RBAC can be configured to do MAC • MAC is Mandatory Access Control as defined in the Orange Book • RBAC can be configured to do DAC • DAC is Discretionary Access Control as defined in the Orange Book RBAC is policy neutral

  10. THE OM-AM WAY A s s u r a n c e Objectives Model Architecture Mechanism What? How?

  11. What? How? OM-AM AND MANDATORY ACCESS CONTROL (MAC) A s s u r a n c e No information leakage Lattices (Bell-LaPadula) Security kernel Security labels

  12. What? How? OM-AM AND DISCRETIONARY ACCESS CONTROL (DAC) A s s u r a n c e Owner-based discretion numerous numerous ACLs, Capabilities, etc

  13. What? How? OM-AM AND ROLE-BASED ACCESS CONTROL (RBAC) A s s u r a n c e Objective neutral RBAC96, ARBAC97, etc. user-pull, server-pull, etc. certificates, tickets, PACs, etc.

  14. ROLE HIERARCHIES USER-ROLE ASSIGNMENT PERMISSIONS-ROLE ASSIGNMENT USERS ROLES PERMISSIONS ... SESSIONS CONSTRAINTS RBAC96 Model

  15. Server-Pull Architecture Client Server User-role Authorization Server

  16. User-Pull Architecture Client Server User-role Authorization Server

  17. Proxy-Based Architecture Client Proxy Server Server User-role Authorization Server

  18. Usage Control (UCON) Coverage • Protection Objectives • Sensitive information protection • IPR protection • Privacy protection • Protection Architectures • Server-side reference monitor • Client-side reference monitor • SRM & CRM

  19. ongoing N/A Core UCON (Usage Control) Models • Continuity • Decision can be made during usage for continuous enforcement • Mutability • Attributes can be updated as side-effects of subjects’ actions

  20. Examples • Long-distance phone (pre-authorization with post-update) • Pre-paid phone card (ongoing-authorization with ongoing-update) • Pay-per-view (pre-authorization with pre-updates) • Click Ad within every 30 minutes (ongoing-obligation with ongoing-updates) • Business Hour (pre-/ongoing-condition)

  21. Good enough security COST • Entrepreneurial • Mindset • 80% problem • soft, informal • ordinary consumers L M H • Academic • Mindset • 120% problem • hard, informal • techno-geeks H 1 2 3 R I S K 2 3 4 M L 3 4 5

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