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A brief introduction…

A brief introduction…. … to the world of Psychology. A deep thought….

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A brief introduction…

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  1. A brief introduction… … to the world of Psychology.

  2. A deep thought… • “There are 100 billion galaxies. Just one of these, our own relative speck of a galaxy, has some 200 billion stars, many of which, like our sun, are circled by planets. On the scale of outer space, we are less than a single grain of sand on all the oceans’ beaches, and our lifetime but a relative nanosecond. Yet, there is nothing more awe-inspiring than our own inner space. Our brain is by far the most complex physical object in the entire cosmos. Our consciousness- mind somehow arising from matter- remains a profound mystery. Our thinking, emotions, and actions fascinate us. Outer space staggers us with its enormity, but inner space enthralls us.”Enter the world of psychology…

  3. Part 1: The roots of Psychology

  4. A quote… • “Psychology has a long past, but a short history.” • -Hermann Ebbinghaus • What do you think this statement means?

  5. Ancient prescientific roots • Since the beginning, humans have been intensely interested in themselves and others (Buddha, Confucius, ancient Hebrews) • Ancient Greece • Socrates (469-399 BCE)/Plato (428-348 BCE): determined that the mind is separate from the body; knowledge is inborn • Aristotle (384-322 BCE): human behavior governed by patterns and rules; i.e. seeking pleasure, avoiding pain; used observation and data; knowledge is not preexisting- it comes from experience • Hippocrates (460-371 BCE): strange behavior caused by brain abnormalities, not the gods; four “humors” or fluids determined personality

  6. 1600s: modern science begins • Rene DeCartes, France (1595-1650) • “I think, therefore I am.” • People used their inborn knowledge to reason • Theorized about brain fluids causing movement by flowing through nerves to our muscles • Francis Bacon, Great Britain (1561-1626) • Focused on experiments and common sense over superstition; responsible for the scientific method • John Locke (1632-1704) • “Tabula rasa:” blank slate

  7. Birth of Modern Psychological Science • Bacon and Locke’s insights lead to modern empiricism- that knowledge comes from experience and science relies on observation, experimentation, evidence. • December, 1879: 1st psychology lab established in Germany at University of Leipzig by Wilhelm Wundt • The 1st ever psychology experiment on reaction time and perception: • 1/10 sec.: hit a button when you hear the sound of a ball. • 2/10 sec.: hit a button when you are consciously aware of perceiving the sound.

  8. The first two perspectives/theories Edward Titchener (Wundt’s student) • Founded structuralism (1892): used self-reflective introspection used to discover the elements of the mind. William James • Created functionalism: how do our thoughts and behaviors help us adapt to our environments? • Wrote the first psychology textbook (1890) • Admitted the first female Psychology Ph.D at Harvard (Mary Calkins)

  9. Other early landmarks • Hermann Ebbinghaus: first experiments on memory (1885) • 1st Psychology Ph.D awarded (1886) • 1st American Professor of Psychology (1888) • APA (American Psychological Association) founded in 1892 • Edward Thorndike: first experiments on animal learning (1898) • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Psychoanalysis • Alfred Binet: first intelligence test (1905) • John B. Watson (1878-1958): Behaviorism • In order to be a reputable science, psychology should limit itself to observable, measurable behaviors (1913) • Gestalt Psychology (Wertheimer, Koffka, etc) (1920s): "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts;” learning comes from insight, not only from repetition and rewards • For more details, watch this video: • http://www.learner.org/series/discoveringpsychology/history/history_flash.html

  10. Part 2: The Tools and Perspectives of Modern Psychology The Bio-Psycho-Social Model and the 6 Modern Approaches

  11. Bio-psycho-social model

  12. 1. Psychoanalytic approach • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

  13. 2. Behaviorist approach • John Watson (1878-1958) • B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

  14. 3. Humanistic approach • The late 1950s and 1960s

  15. 4. Cognitive approach • Cognition=Thinking

  16. 5. Biological approach How do the following impact an individual’s mental processes and behavior:

  17. 6. Sociocultural approach • How do the following forces impact a person’s behavior and mental processes? • Does your language shape the way you think? Check these out: • http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29language-t.html?_r=1&ref=magazine • http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/~atman/Misc/eskimo-snow-words.html

  18. Final thoughts… • There are many approaches, therefore there are many possible answers. • Think of each of the six perspectives as a “lens” onto each individual. • Human beings have free will; as a result, human behavior does not follow set laws, like physics. • However, there are still patterns and tendencies that can be discovered using the scientific method.

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