Diseases

1. Diseases By: Ofir Brezner Or Kadouri Matan Tomer Bar Leshem Elem Hurgin Gilad Bruner Ofer Snir

2. Table Of Contents Asthma----------Page 3-10 By: Matan Tomer Cancer----------Page 10-14 By: Or Kadouri Measles, Mumps, Chickenpox----Page 15-24 By: Bar Leshem Acne------------Page 25-33 By: Ofer Snir Diabetes--------Page 34-44 By: Gilad Bruner Allergies--------Page 45-52 By: Elem Hurgin Bibliography-----Page 53-54 Who wants to be a millionaire---Page 55-68

3. 1.What is Asthma? Asthma happens when the bronchi or airways – the tubes that carry oxygen into your lungs- become narrowed and inflamed causing difficulty breathing. People with asthma have hypersensitive airways. That means that if you come into contact with a 'trigger', such as house dust, the muscles in your airways tighten and narrow. . רגיש יתר על המידה-Hypersensitive

4. 2.What is Asthma attack? An asthma attack is the term used to describe the symptoms of tightness in the chest, wheezing or a whistling noise in the chest, coughing and difficulty breathing which occur when the airways become narrowed and inflamed and produce mucus. רירMucus-

5. 3.How can you recognized Asthma attack? Many people with asthma learn to recognize warning symptoms such as an itchy nose, skin itching, dizziness or light-headedness or an irritating cough that heralds an attack. Asthma is commonly thought of as mainly affecting children. מגרהItchy-

6. 4.Who does it affect? Asthma can affect anyone, at any age, anywhere . It is now the most common chronic condition in the West, due to modern environment, such as high levels of air pollution, the consumption of processed foods, and the existence of centrally-heated double glazed houses - which make ideal breeding grounds for house dust mites and other factors. נמשך לאורך זמןChronic- צריכהConsumption-

7. 5. Which Types of Asthma we know? Asthma is a chronic condition, which means it lasts over time. Some people experience breathing problems from time to time, for example when getting a cold, or are exposed to an asthma trigger such as pollen or a sudden snap of cold weather. Other people experience symptoms more at certain times of day or in certain situations, such as during exercise. מסויםCertain-

8. 6. What causes asthma? Scientists still do not know exactly what these are. Some doctors believe that the airways become oversensitive because of damage to the cells caused by a viral infection such as a cold or flu. Others believe that the initial damage is caused by an allergic reaction causing the lungs to over-react to viral infections.

9. 7. What is the treatment for Asthma? The aims of treatment are twofold: to enable you to lead a full, active life with as little disruption from your asthma as possible - as well as to maintain as near-normal lung function as possible. Medical treatment consists of taking a prevent, (a medication designed to guard the airways and reduce the chances of having an asthma attack), with a reliever, (a medication designed to relieve the symptoms of asthma), during attacks. With effective use of preventive treatment you may hardly ever have to use a reliever.

10. Cancer

11. * Cancer is a group of many related diseases that begin in cells, the body’s basic unit of life.To understand cancer you need to know what happens when normal cells become cancerous.in the body there are many types of cells while normally cells grow and divide to produce more cells when there is a need too. This process helps the body to stay healthy. sometimes, however there is no need to the new cells, but the cells are still dividing and that cause extra cells form a mass of tissue called growth or tumor with no need. * Most cancers are named for the organ or type of cell which they begin. The cancer is “a kind of plague”in the body. When the cancer cells are spread to lymph nodes this is saying that the “plague” began and now all the organs may be effect of. * Children can get cancer in the same parts of the body as adults do, but some types of cancer are more common in children. The most common form of childhood cancer is leukemia that is the cancer of the blood.

12. * Other cancers often found in children: Brain tumors, Childhood lymphoms, Hodgkin’s disease, Wilms’ tumors, Neuroblastomas, Osteogenic sarcomas, Ewing’s sarcomas, Retino – blastomas, Rhabdomy osarcomas and Hepatoblastomas. * Children’s cancers do not always act like, get treated like, or respond like adult cancers. Avoid reading about adult cancer to learn about your child’s prognosis. Childhood cancers can occur suddenly, without early symptoms, and have a high rate of cure. * Leukemia is cancer of the blood cells. Leukemia is typically thought to be a childhood disease, but in fact it strikes many more adults. Smoking increases the risk of developing leukemia. There are four types of leukemia, classified by the type of blood cell effected and whether the cells are mature or immature. The four major types are acute myelocytic leukemia (AML), chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

13. * AML and CLL are most common in adults, while ALLis the most common form in children. * Acute leukemias progress rapidly, while chronic leukemia tend to develope slowly. * The general symptoms of leukemia are: Weight loss, fever, loss of appetite and sometimes bleeding from the gums. * In the United States, almost 8,600 children have cancer and about 1,500 children died from the disease in 2001. While this makes cancer the leading cause of death by disease un the U.S.

14. Glossary: Cell - תא Tissue - רקמה Tumor - גידול בגוף Prognosis - הערכת סיכויים, אבחנה Cancerous - סרטני Lymph nodes - בלוטות לימפה Symptoms - תסמינים

15. Measles Mumps Chickenpox

16. What is measles? Measles is a highly contagious virus found throughout the world. People get measles disease by breathing in the measles virus which is spread when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks. You can get measles just by being in the same room with an infected person.

17. How to Prevent Measles? There is a vaccine to protect against measles. The vaccine is frequently given as part of a combination vaccine, called the MMR vaccine, that protects against measles, mumps and rubella. There is also a vaccine that protects only against measles.

18. What are the Measles’s symptoms? Symptoms of measles include high fever, rash, runny nose, watery eyes and coughing. The average time between exposure to the measles virus and the development of symptoms is from 10 to 12 days.

19. Who should get MMR vaccine? Anyone born in 1957 or later who do not have a medical contraindication should receive at least one dose of MMR vaccine, unless they have documentation of vaccination with at least one dose of measles-, rubella-, and mumps-containing vaccine or other acceptable evidence of immunity to these three diseases. College and university students, healthcare personnel, non-pregnant women of childbearing age, child care workers such as teachers and day care personnel and international travelers are at increased risk for measles, and these persons should receive two doses of MMR vaccine to ensure adequate protection.

20. Does the vaccine Safety? The measles vaccine and the combined MMR vaccine are very safe and effective and generally have few side effects. You cannot get measles from either vaccine. Mild reactions such as fever, redness or swelling at the injection site have been reported. As with any medicine, there are very small risks that serious problems could occur after getting a vaccine. However, the potential risks associated with measles disease are much greater than the potential risks associated with the measles vaccine.

21. Mumps • Mumps is a disease caused by a virus that can infect many parts of the body, especially the parotid salivary glands. The parotid salivary glands, which produce saliva for the mouth, are found toward the back of each cheek, in the area between the ear and jaw. In mumps, the parotid glands become increasingly swollen and painful over a period of one to three days. As the glands swell, there is often a fever of up to 39.4 degrees Celsius, with headache and loss of appetite • Mumps infections are rare in children younger than two years, but become more common as children grow. Children ages 10 to 19 are most likely to get mumps. • Mumps can be prevented by vaccine. This vaccine can be given alone, or as part of the mumps-measles- Rubella (MMR) immunizations given at age 15 months, and again at 11 to 12 years. • Children usually recover from mumps in about 10 to 12 days. It takes about 1 week for the swelling to disappear in each parotid gland, but both glands don't usually swell at the same time.

22. Chickenpox • Chickenpox is an infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus which results in a blister-like rash, itching, tiredness and fever.  • Chickenpox is highly infectious and spreads from person to person by direct contact or through the air from an infected person’s coughing or sneezing. A persons with chickenpox is contagious 1-2 days before the rash appears and until all blisters have formed scabs. It takes from 10-21 days after contact with an infected person for someone to develop chickenpox. • In children, chickenpox most commonly causes an illness that lasts about 5-10 days. Children usually miss 5 or 6 days of school or childcare due to their chickenpox. • Serious complications from chickenpox include bacterial infections which can involve many sites of the body including the skin, tissues under the skin, bone, lungs (pneumonia), joints and the blood. • Many of the deaths and complications from chickenpox occur in previously healthy children and adults. From 1990 to 1994, before there was a vaccine available, there were about 50 chickenpox deaths in children and 50 chickenpox deaths in adults every year.

23. Chickenpox can be prevented by vaccination. • Although what most of people thinks- you can get chickenpox more then once in your life. • It is never possible to predict who will have a mild case of chickenpox and who will have a serious or even deadly case of disease. Now that there is a safe and effective vaccine available, it is not worth taking this chance.

24. Glossary Symptoms - תסמינים Vaccine - תרכיב חיסון Contagious - מדבק Contraindication- הוראת נגד Parotid salivary - בלוטה ליד האוזן שמוציאה רוק

25. Acne

26. Macule—A macule is the temporary red spot left by a healed acne lesion. It is flat, usually red or red-pink, with a well defined border. A macule may persist for days to weeks before disappearing. When a number of macules are present at one time they can contribute to the "inflamed face" appearance of acne. This photo shows the "red face" appearance of acne with macules:

27. Nodule—Like a papule, a nodule is a solid, dome-shaped or irregularly-shaped lesion. Unlike a papule, a nodule is characterized by inflammation, extends into deeper layers of the skin and may cause tissue destruction that results in scarring. A nodule may be very painful. Nodular acne is a severe form of acne that may not respond to therapies other than isotretinoin Cyst—A cyst is a sac-like lesion containing liquid or semi-liquid material consisting of white blood cells, dead cells, and bacteria. It is larger than a pustule, may be severely inflamed, extends into deeper layers of the skin, may be very painful, and can result in scarring. Cysts and nodules often occur together in a severe form of acne called nodulocystic. Systemic therapy with isotretinoin is sometimes the only effective treatment for nodulocystic acne. Some acne investigators believe that true cysts rarely occur in acne, and that (1) the lesions called cysts are usually severely inflamed nodules, and (2) the term nodulocystic should be abandoned. Regardless of terminology, this is a severe form of acne that is often resistant to treatment and likely to leave scars after healing. These photos show nodular, cystic acne:

29. Who gets acne? Close to 100% of people between the ages of twelve and seventeen have at least an occasional whitehead, blackhead or pimple, regardless of race or ethnicity. Many of these young people are able to manage their acne with over-the-counter (nonprescription) treatments. For some, however, acne is more serious. In fact, by their mid-teens, more than 40% of adolescents have acne severe enough to require some treatment by a physician. In most cases, acne starts between the ages of ten and thirteen and usually lasts for five to ten years. It normally goes away on its own sometime in the early twenties. However, acne can persist into the late twenties or thirties or even beyond. Some people get acne for the first time as adults. Acne effects young men and young women about equally, but there are differences. Young men are more likely than young women to have more severe, longer lasting forms of acne. Despite this fact, young men are less likely than young women to visit a dermatologist for their acne. In contrast, young women are more likely to have intermittent acne due to hormonal changes associated with their menstrual cycle and acne caused by cosmetics. These kinds of acne may afflict young women well into adulthood. Acne lesions are most common on the face, but they can also occur on theneck, chest, back, shoulders, scalp, and upper arms and legs.

30. Normal distribution of acne. Acne also has significant economic impact. Americans spend well over a hundred million dollars a year for nonprescription acne treatments, not even taking into account special soaps and cleansers. But there are also the costs of prescription therapies, visits to physicians and time lost from school or work.

31. When to consult a dermatologist for acne A person may try to cure acne with home remedies or nonprescription items from the drugstore. A person may decide it is time to see a doctor. With a dermatologist's help, almost every case of acne can be cleared up. If any of the following apply, make an appointment: The results achieved with nonprescription acne products are unsatisfactory The acne interferes with enjoyment of life There are acne scars in addition to acne lesions The acne lesions are large and painful Acne is causing dark patches to appear in a dark skinned person Some people have been to dermatologists without much luck at clearing up their acne. Perhaps it is time to try again and to consider seeing a skin specialist, a dermatologist. If seeing a dermatologist has not produced good results, perhaps it is time for a second opinion. For a list of dermatologists in your area click on the link below.

32. Physical Therapies Comedo extraction. Extraction of comedones should be performed only by a dermatologist, under sterile conditions, and usually only when comedones have not responded to other treatment. Acne patients should not attempt to extract comedones by squeezing or picking. Ultraviolet light therapy. Ultraviolet light has not been proven effective as an acne treatment. At most, skin tanning may mask acne. However, skin tanning increases risk for other, more serious skin conditions such as melanoma and other skin cancers. Light Chemical Peels. Glycolic acid and other chemical agents are applied by a dermatologist to loosen blackheads and decrease acne papules.

33. Glossary dermatologist - רופא עור

34. Diabetes

35. What Is Diabetes Diabetes is a chronic illness caused by the difficulty that the organism has using eaten sugar. As a consequence, sugar is accumulated and stays in the blood causing what we call diabetes. This situation happens because the organism does not produce enough insulin, which is the substance necessary to transport sugar from the blood to everywhere inside the body. Diabetes part I- young people The lack of insulin is normally high and the insulin has to be injected. It appears in people under 30 years old. Its first appearance is sudden. The ill person has frequent urine, intense thirst and loss of weight. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to open up the cells so the sugar could come in through the blood stream. Type I is 10% of all diabetes people. The insulin is produced in the pancreas.

36. The diabetes causes people to need a special diet: DIET: Help to regulate the blood sugar level, together with the rest of treatments of diabetes (capsules or insulin, exercise...). The food that contains carbohydrates, called also sugars, is the one that has to be controlled most accurately. This food, once the digestion is over, is transformed by the organism in glucose. That is why it is directly related with the blood sugar level. Contain carbohydrates:

37. SUGAR AND SWEETENED FOOD: It has to be excluded from the common diet due to its high level of carbohydrates and its fast way of being transferred into the blood. FLOUR PRODUCTS/FRUIT/MILKY PRODUCTS: They have a high amount of carbohydrates. Their consumption has to be controlled. VEGETABLES: They can be eaten freely, due to their insignificant amount of carbohydrates and their high amount of fiber.

38. TREATMENT WITH INSULIN OR ORAL ANTI- DIABETICS The proper treatment’s choice will depend on the reserve of insulin remaining, and on the age of appearance of the illness. Diabetes type II or not insulin-dependent is treated, at the beginning, with controlled diet and physical exercise. If these measures are not enough to get a good control, then the treatment with oral anti-diabetics or insulin begins.

39. The oral anti-diabetics are capsules used to diminish the blood sugar level. They are the following: Sulphonyreas, which stimulate the pancreas to make free the insulin and contribute to its action; Biguanides, which help the cells to use the glucose, making more efficient the few existent insulin; and Acarbose, which slows down the arrival of carbohydrates from the digestive organs to the blood. The young diabetic (with diabetes type I)’s treatment has to start necessarily with insulin. The Insulin is a hormone segregated by the pancreas necessary for life. At the moment, the insulin used is called "human", which has a chemical structure equal to the one that the insulin produced by the pancreas has, although it is not obtained from people. The insulin is not active when it is incorporated orally, because the stomach destroys it. That is why it has to be injected.

40. PHYSICAL EXERCISE: Exercise is part of the treatment because proper physical activity helps to control the blood glucose level, contributes to the loss of weight, the risk of heart illnesses diminishes, and gives positive psychological effects. The best exercise for diabetic people is that which is done regularly (daily and at the same time, if it is possible), avoiding an excess. Each one can choose the kind of exercise depending on preferences and capability. A wrong-programmed exercise can result in loss of control over diabetes. And in this case (levels of sugar above 300 mg/dl, appearance of acetone), sports are totally forbidden.

41. DIABETIC EDUCATION: Diabetic education is part of the treatment. It is one of the most efficient weapons to get a good compensation and to avoid complications. Education leads to an active and long-lasting life thanks to a right control and allows people to be more independent and to be an efficient doctor’s collaborator. Its destination is not only the diabetic’s attention; it also concerns his/her relatives and all the people around.

42. The first written reference about diabetes comes from 35 centuries ago, approximately. It was Georg Ebers in 1862 who discovered in a grave at Tebes, Egypt, a small papyrus that described an illness defined by abundant elimination of urine and also recommended using plant substances as treatment. The Indian doctors, on the other hand, described in books from 26 centuries ago the existence of an illness that provokes thirst, fast loss of weight, loss of strength, and they said that the urine eliminated by the ill people attracted ants due to its sweet taste. Even though knowing the symptoms of the illness since long time ago, it was not until the Second Century when Areteo of Capadocia talks about "DIABETES", which comes from the Greek "DIABAINEIN", which means "GOING THROUGH". He called it this way due to the speed with which the diabetic has to eliminate what he/she has drunk. In the 17th Century, Thomas Willis had the idea of tasting a diabetic’s urine, and he found that it was sweet. From this fact comes the word "MELLITUS", which meaning is "tasting like honey".

43. Until last Century it was not known that the elevation of the blood sugar level is the principal characteristic of diabetes. It was then when some people thought that the pancreas might produce something capable of regulating the sugar’s metabolism. This substance, the INSULIN, was discovered in 1921 by two young scientists called Banting and Best. Thanks to it, thousands of diabetics have been able of bearing a nearly normal life.

44. Glossary Chronic - ממושך Consumption - צריכה

45. Allergies

46. What Is An Allergy An allergy is the body's reaction to strange material in the body. The reaction may involve eyes, nose, lungs, the stomach and the intestines. The allergic reaction may be red, watery, itchy eyes, a runny nose, sneezing or coughing, out of breath, rash, dry skin, or skin complaint and even upset after eating certain foods.

47. Is allergy genetic? Yes, if you are allergic to something your child will also be allergic to something but it isn't sure that he will have the same allergy reaction or the tendency of the allergy.

48. Can the first year of a child decide what will be his allergy? Yes, during the first year of a child food does decide what kind of allergy he will get. If the kid will eat a lot of food, every month a new food will decrease the chance of having an allergic reaction to food.

49. If a person is allergic to food what can happen? Usually there is a skin rash, sickness, vomiting and/or diarrhea. But there are the unusual people that have died in the past from food allergies, but studies show that children have less death problems from allergies from food then adults, although children have died because they where allergic to milk. The explanation for this is that the children that died from the milk where asthmatic. Scientists have found that asthmatic children can die from allergies and death is the reaction of the allergy.

50. In what other ways can children get an allergy? When children begin to crawl and walk they come into contact with other things that can produce allergy soaps, powders, bubble bath, wool, silk and even some metals and every thing else that there is in the house may cause nasal allergy or asthma. Children who seem to have a constant cold cut without any fever may be allergic to airborne substances.