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Medicines

Medicines. Advanced Higher Chemistry Unit 3(e). DRUGS. Substances which alter the biochemical processes in the body. Those with beneficial effects are called medicines . HISTORY. The first drugs came from plant brews. Pharmacologically active products in plant extracts were identified.

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Medicines

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  1. Medicines Advanced Higher Chemistry Unit 3(e)

  2. DRUGS • Substances which alter the biochemical processes in the body. • Those with beneficial effects are called medicines.

  3. HISTORY • The first drugs came from plant brews. • Pharmacologically active products in plant extracts were identified. • These compounds (and derivatives of them) were synthesised where possible.

  4. Aspirin

  5. HOW MEDICINES FUNCTION • Most work by bonding to receptors. • Receptors are usually protein molecules that are on the surface of cells where they interact with small biological molecules. • Alternatively, they are enzymes which catalyse chemical reactions (catalytic receptors).

  6. PHARMACOPHORE • The structural fragment of the molecule which gives it pharmocological activity. • The shape of the pharmocophore complements that of the receptor site, allowing it to fit into the receptor. • The functional groups on each (pharmocophore and receptor) are correctly positioned to interact and bind the receptor to the medicine. • By comparing the structure of medicines with similar activity, the pharmocophore can be identified.

  7. AGONISTS and ANTAGONISTS • AGONISTS – enhance the body’s natural responses (produces a response like the body’s naturally active compound); • ANTAGONISTS – block the body’s natural responses. (produces no response but prevents the body’s naturally active compound).

  8. Salbutamol: agonist • Used to treat acute asthma or prevent exercise-induced asthma. • Can be injected intravenously to relax uterine smooth muscle and prevent premature labour. • Has widely been replaced by nifidepine.

  9. Nifidipine: antagonist • A calcium channel blocker. • Used in the long-term treatment of hypertension.

  10. Propranolol: antagonist • A beta blocker. • Used to treat hypertension.

  11. Sulphanilamides: antagonists • Antibiotics.

  12. Penicillin: antagonist • Another antibiotic

  13. Dopamine • A neurotransmitter produced in the brain. • Is greatly reduced in suffers of Parkinson’s disease. • Can be given as a drug to increase heart rate or blood pressure. • However, does not cross the blood-brain barrier so cannot be used to affect the central nervous system. • Instead, precursors can be administered e.g. L-DOPA.

  14. Dopamine L-DOPA

  15. Apomorphine: agonist • Issued via subcutaneous injection. • Has a side-effect of a marked increase in problem gambling.

  16. Deep brain stimulation

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