Revolutions in Latin America

1. Revolutions in Latin America Unit 4 - Day 8

2. Political Revolutions in Latin America Spanish and Portuguese Colonial Holdings (p. 830) Latin America in 1830 (p. 835)

3. Racial Stratification in Latin America Racial and Ethnic Hierarchy in Latin America • Penninsulares – people of Spaniards and Portuguese descent born in Europe • Creoles – people of Spanish and Portuguese descent born in Latin America • mestizos – people of mixed European and Native American descent • mulattoes – people of mixed European and African descent • Native Americans • Freed Black Slaves • Slaves

4. An Early Precursor to Revolution • The Rebellion of Tupac Amaru II (1742-1781) • Born Jose Gabriel Condoconqui • Takes the name of the last Inca • Rebellion crushed violently by Spanish officials in 1781 • Tupac Amaru II brutally executed • Though unsuccessful, demonstrates growing tensions in Latin America • Becomes an inspiration for later revolutionary movements Left: The execution of Tupac Amaru II (1781)

5. The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) • The Haitian Revolution • First successful revolutionary uprising in Latin America • Colony initially settled by Spain • Spanish impose encomienda system on natives, import slaves to work plantations • Complicated political situation results in French rule • French maintain rigid social stratification based on race • Slaves and freed blacks unite under Toussaint L’Ouverture and use British conquest to overthrow French • 1804, 1805 establish a constitution for a free black state headed by an elected “Emperor” Jacques Dessalines

6. The Haitian Revolution Preliminary Declaration. Art. 1. The people inhabiting the island formerly called St. Domingo, hereby agree to form themselves into a free state sovereign and independent of any other power in the universe, under the name of empire of Hayti. 2. Slavery is forever abolished. 3. The Citizens of Hayti are brothers at home; equality in the eyes of the law is incontestably acknowledged, and there cannot exist any titles, advantages, or privileges, other than those necessarily resulting from the consideration and reward of services rendered to liberty and independence. 4. The law is the same to all, whether it punishes, or whether it protects. 6. Property is sacred, its violation shall be severely prosecuted. 7. The quality of citizen of Hayti is lost by emigration and naturalization in foreign countries and condemnation to corporal or disgrace punishments. The fist case carries with it the punishment of death and confiscation of property. 9. No person is worth of being a Haitian who is not a good father, good son, a good husband, and especially a good soldier.

7. The Haitian Revolution • 12. No whiteman of whatever nation he may be, shall put his foot on this territory with the title of master or proprietor, neither shall he in future acquire any property therein. • 13. The preceding article cannot in the smallest degree affect white woman who have been naturalized Haytians by Government, nor does it extend to children already born, or that may be born of the said women. The Germans and Polanders naturalized by government are also comprized (sic) in the dispositions of the present article. • 14. All acception (sic) of colour among the children of one and the same family, of whom the chief magistrate is the father, being necessarily to cease, the Haytians shall hence forward be known only by the generic appellation of Blacks.

8. Latin American Independence Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) • Born in Caracas (Viceroyalty of New Granada) • Technically a Creole of aristocratic birth • Following French control of Spain leads resistance movements in northern South America • 1810-1825 South American wars of Independence • 1819 made president of Gran Columbia • Attempts (unsuccessfully) to establish union of Republics similar to United States