Motivation and Emotion

1. Motivation and Emotion

2. Motivation – a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

3. 5 Theories of Motivation • Instinct Theory • Drive Theory • Incentive Theory • Arousal Theory • Humanistic Theory

4. Instinct Theory Click on the fish to watch it’s instinctual behavior. • Instinct Theory – genetically predisposed (unlearned) behaviors • Example: • Salmon swimming upstream to lay eggs

5. Drive Reduction Theory • Drive Reduction Theory - physiological need creates a drive (state of tension) that motivates us to satisfy the need • Need - a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal • Example – lack of body fluids/need for water • Drive – An aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a physiological need • Example - Thirst • Key Ideas • Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS. • Goal is Homeostasis - tendency to maintain a balanced internal state.

6. Primary versus Secondary drives • Primary drives – innate • Examples: thirst, hunger • Secondary drives – drives learned by conditioning • Example: Money

7. Incentive Theory Incentives - positive or negative environmental stimulus that lure or repel us • Incentive theory acts when an external stimuluspulls you in a certain direction • Example – What motivates you to come to AP Psych class? • The grade?. • What motivates you to eat chocolate chip cookies? • The smell (incentive theory), • Drive theory acts by an internal state pushing you in a specific direction. • Example: What motivates you to eat a chocolate chip cookie? • Lack of food/need for food (drive theory)

8. Arousal Theory • We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal. • Yerkes-Dodson Law – performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point. When levels of arousal become too high, performance decreases • Optimum level of performance occurs when stress is moderate • Example: You will perform better on your AP Psych test if there is a moderate level of stress and arousal…to much and you will not do well

9. Humanistic Theory of Motivation • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal. • Driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.

10. Motivation of HUNGER Ancel Keys study on conscientious objectors

11. Physiology of Hunger • Washburn’s studies showed hunger was partially related to the stomach. • But those with their stomachs removed still feel hunger.

12. Biological Basis of Hunger • Hunger does NOT come from our stomach. It comes from our… • Brain What part of the brain? • The Hypothalamus

13. Hypothalamus Lateral Hypothalamus Ventromedial Hypothalamus Depresses hunger When stimulated you feel full. When lesioned you will never feel full again and become … • Brings on hunger by triggering release of orexin (hunger arousing hormone) • When stimulated it makes you hungry. • When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again.

14. Leptin Leptin is a protein produced by bloated fat cells. Hypothalamus senses rises in leptin and will curb eating and increase activity. Set Point Hypothalamus acts like a thermostat to maintain a certain weight range. Lateral or ventromedial hypothalamus activated as needed Examples: After losing 30lbs, Susan began to put the weight back on How Hypothalamus works: Two Theories

15. Basil Metabolic Rate • BMR- minimum caloric requirement needed to sustain life in a resting individual • amount of energy (measured in calories) expended by the body to remain in bed asleep all day! • Weight falls below set point, hunger will increase and BMR will decrease • Weight goes above set point, hunger will decrease and BMR will increase

16. Body Chemistry and the Brain • Appetite hormones • Ghrelin – secreted by stomach hunger arousing hormone • Obestatin – secreted by stomachsuppresses appetite • PYY – secreted by digestive tract: suppresses appetite • Leptin – protein secreted by fat cells that diminishes the rewarding pleasure of food

17. Body Chemistry • Glucose – form of sugar in blood • Insulin - hormone that converts glucose to fat. • When glucose levels drop- hunger increases. • Hyperglycemia (diabetes) – glucose too high, don’t produce insulin to convert glucose to fat • Hypoglycemia – glucose too low, need carbs

18. Rats become very hungry when they experience • Elevated levels of obstatin • Reduced levels of ghrelin • Elevated levels of orexin • Reduced levels of estrogen • Elevated levels of testosterone

19. Which of the following is a hunger-suppressing hormone secreted by the stomach? • Orexin • Ghrelin • Obestatin • Insulin • glucose

20. When an organism's weight increases above its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n) ________ hunger and a(n) ________ its basal metabolic rate. • An increase in, an increase in • A decrease in, a decrease in • An increase in a decrease in • A decrease in, an increase in • An increase in, a stabilization in

21. Psychology of Hunger

22. Psychology of Hunger Dog Mice Wine • Amnesia patients will eat 20 minutes after just eating a meal • TASTE • Carbs – boost serotonin = calming effect • Preference for sweet and salty tastes - universal and genetic • Highly salty – learned • Garcia Effect - aversion for foods that make us sick • Taste preferences are cultural and adaptive • Dog, rat meat, horse meat, camel eye, sparrow • Repeated exposure increases appreciation for new tastes • Neophobia – dislike for novel things is adaptive • Spices in hot climate • Nausea during pregnancy Fried Frog Legs

23. Ecology of Eating • Social Facilitation – when we’re around others we eat more • Unit Bias – We eat more served in larger portion sizes

24. Although Jan appears to be underweight, she is afraid of becoming fat and consistently restricts her food intake. Although Gene appears to be overweight, he enjoys eating and always eats as much as he wants. Explain how their different reactions to food might result from (a) differences in their inner bodily states and (b) differences in their reactions to external incentives.

25. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa • Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food). • Higher than usual childhood obesity Binge-eating disorder – spurts of excessive overeating followed by remorse (no purging)

26. Anorexia Nervosa • Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight. • See themselves as fat. • Vast majority are woman, but not all • Families are high achieving and protective. • Live in cultures where thin bodies are idealized

27. Causes of Eating Disorders • Sex abuse – ruled out • Genetic – Identical twins share • Culture – idealizes thinness • Childhood obesity – bulimia • High achieving and protective families – anorexia • Gender differences

28. Obesity and Weight Control • Historical Reasons: • Fat helps body through periods when food is scarce • In developed nations old rule is dysfunctional • Obesity = BMI of 30+ • Life expectancy

29. Obesity

30. Obesity

31. The Social Effects of Obesity • Weight discrimination • Psychological effects of obesity • 25% increase in depression and anxiety

32. The Physiology of Obesity • Fat Cells • Typical adult 30-40M • Obese – 75M (swell to 2-3X normal size then divide) • Still have more but smaller fat cells and slower metabolic rates if lose weight

33. Genetics & Obesity • Body weights resemble biological parents • Gene FTO identified doubles risk • Identical twins have similar weights • +.74 correlation • Obese parents = obese children • 3X boy 6X girl

34. Environmental Factors & Obesity • Sleep loss • Levels of leptin fall, ghrelin and orexin rise • Social influence • Obese friends = obesity • Food consumption and activity level • TV viewing habits

35. Losing Weight • Realistic and moderate goals • Minimize exposure to tempting foods • Don’t starve all day • Attitudinal changes

36. Research on fat cells indicates that • they are destroyed by sustained dieting. • their number is genetically determined and is not influenced by eating patterns. • they increase in number as a result of adult overeating patterns. • their number remains fixed after adolescence. • they decrease in number due to genetic predispositions.

37. A variant of a gene called ________ nearly doubles the risk of becoming obese. • PYY • BMI • FTO • HPV • PET

38. Sexual Motivation • Interplay of internal and external Stimuli • Genes way of preserving and spreading themselves • 2 important studies contributed to our knowledge of sexual motivation • Kinsey Studies • Masters and Johnson

39. Kinsey’s Studies • Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s). • Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female • Scale of sexuality….0 to 6 where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 homosexual and 7 is asexual. Click on Kinsey to see the movie trailer.

40. Masters and Johnson Study Click on Masters and Johnson to see a more detailed explanation of their research. • William Masters and Virginia Johnson (1960s) set out to explore the physiology of sex. • 382 females and 312 males. After their research was done they ran an institute that claimed to turn gay people straight.

41. Sexual Response Cycle4 stages of sexual responding • Excitement Phase • Plateau Phase • Orgasm • Resolution Phase • Includes refractory period – man is incapable of another organsm

42. Hormones and Sexual Behavior • Effects of hormones • Development of sexual characteristics • Activate sexual behavior • Estrogen • Sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females • female sex characteristics • Peaks during ovulation increasing receptivity- “in heat” (non-humans), in humans sexual desire rises slightly during ovulation • Testosterone • Sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by males • women more responsive to testosterone than non-human females • loss of ovaries = decrease in testosterone and sex drive • Male sex characteristics in fetus and puberty • Rises in men with social interaction • Castrated rats and men lose sexual desire

43. Psychological Factors in Sexual Motivation • External Stimuli • Erotic Materials • more active Amygdala in males • Women exhibit nearly as much arousal • More likely to hurt women if women depicted as enjoying • Devalue partners • Imagined stimuli • Dreams – Can contain sexual imagery • Sexual Fantasies • Both sexes, but men more often, more physically and less romantically

44. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

45. Teen Pregnancy • Ignorance • Minimal communication about birth control • Guilt related to sexual activity • Alcohol use • Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

46. Sexually Transmitted Infections • Statistics of STIs • Teen abstinence • High intelligence • Religious engagement • Father presence • Participation in service learning programs • xxx

47. Sexual Orientation • An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own gender or the other gender. • Heterosexual • Homosexual • Sexual orientation statistics – 3-4% men; 1-2% women • Erotic plasticity – women more likely to feel bisexual attraction, more changeable than men in sexual orientation

48. How is Sexual Orientation Determined • There has been NO evidence that sexuality is socially determined. • Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to be gay that if they were raised by hetero parents. • Indicates it is likely biologically determined.

49. The Brain • Simon LeVay - cluster of cells in hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men. • Right hemisphere larger in heterosexual men, and lesbian women • Differences are very early postnatally if not prenatally • Originate at about the time of birth or even before

50. Fraternal Birth Order Effect • men who have older brothers are somewhat more likely to be gay (about 1/3 more likely for each additional older brother) • Blanchard study – maternal immune defense response to foreign substances produced by male fetus • preventing fetus brain from developing in male-typical pattern.