Semester 2

1. Semester 2 Post Test Evaluation Review

2. Selectively Permeable • Plasma membrane • Lets some molecule in and out of the cell • Does not allow others in and out (waste)

3. Concentration inside/outside cell • The solute concentration outside the cell is high • Thus water wants to move out to balance the environment.

4. WITH vs. AGAINST • WITH (goes from high to low) • Passive Transport • No energy • Osmosis, Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion • Against (goes from low to high) • Active Transport • Energy is Required • Pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis

5. Facilitated diffusion vs. Active Transport • Both use proteins • Facilitated diffusion – move WITH the concentration gradient • Active Transport – moves AGAINST the concentration gradient

6. Solutions

7. Changing an Isotonic solution • Lets say we add salt to an isotonic solution • It becomes a hypertonic solution • Meaning higher concentration outside the cell • Water will move out of cell • Cell will shrink/shrivel up

8. Exocytosis • Exo – means exiting • Exocytosis move LARGE substances out of the cell that cannot get through the plasma membrane • Hormones are large

9. Photosynthesis • Converts LIGHT energy to CHEMICAL energy

10. Converting ATP to ADP – releases energy • During Cellular Respiration • Step 1 is adding a phosphate (storing energy) • Step 2 is subtracting a phosphate (releasing energy)

11. Metabolic Pathway • A – Animals give off CO2 and H2O during Cellular Respiration • B – Plants give of H2O, O, glucose during Photosynthesis

12. Energy • The ability to do work!

13. Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs • Autotrophs – makes their own food • Plants • Heterotrophs – obtain food from other sources. • Animal, worms, mushrooms (they look like plants but they actually absorb nutrients from around them, they do not go through photosynthesis)

14. Glycolysis • Anaerobic – does not need oxygen • Breaks down glucose into 3 pyruvate molecules

15. Energy is produced • Energy is being produced in Figure B • ATP to ADP

16. 2nd law of Thermodynamics • During Photosynthesis HEAT is given off • This follows the 2nd law of thermodynamics

17. Metabolic Processes • Anabolic • Photosynthesis • Catabolic • Cellular Respiration (c)

18. Alternative Pathway • CAM • Cactus • C4 • Other plants

19. Alcohol Fermentation • Takes place in yeast and some bacteria

20. Balanced Equations Photosynthesis

21. What limits cell size? • Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

22. Cancer Cells • Unrestricted/Unlimited GROWTH

23. Binary Fission • Two Identical Cells are produced

24. Healthy/Efficient Cells • Are SMALLER • Because they do not have to transfer and diffuse materials over a large area. • Communication is also easier

25. Spindle Fibers • A is pointing to the spindle fibers • The cells is in Metaphase of Mitosis

26. Mitosis - Interphase • Cell carries on metabolism and normal cell functions • Cell DNA replicates

27. Goal of Mitosis • A newly formed cell in Mitosis has equal number of chromosomes as the parent cell. • Replace damaged cells

28. Cell Cycle • Cell duplicates its DNA during (S) the synthesis phase of the Cell cycle • Also called DNA synthesis

29. Homologous Chromosomes • They line up on the equator of the cell during Metaphase 1 • Only seen in Meiosis 1 up until anaphase when they get pulled apart.

30. Allele • Is a form of a gene • A is one allele • a is another allele • Together they make up Aa • Brown is one allele • Blond is another allele • Together the Dominant would be seen (brown)

31. Mitosis vs. Meiosis • What is formed? • Mitosis – 2 identical body cells with • Meiosis – 4 different gametes

32. Gregor Mendel • He tested and hypothesized the offspring of pea plants inherited their traits.

33. Genotype • AA – homozygous Dominant • aa – homozygous Recessive • Aa - Heterozygous

34. Simple punnett square • In Squirles, brown fur is dominant to silver fur. If a (HO) brown is mated with a silver and 8 offspring are produced how many would be expected to be silver? • (HO) brown – BB • Silver – bb • If you crossed them all would be Bb – Brown • So all 8 would be brown!

35. Haploid vs. Diploid • Haploid – half the number of chromosomes • 1n • Gametes • Produced through Meiosis • Diploid – normal number of chromosomes • 2n • Body Cells • Produced through Mitosis

36. Forming a Zygote • A – Meiosis • B - Fertilizations

37. Application of Punnett Square • In flower, purple(R) is dominant to white(r). A homozygous purple flower is crossed with a white flower. All of the flowers in the F1 generation were kept together as a group for several years. They were allowed to self-pollinate only within their own group. What is the expected phenotype of the F2flowers? • P: RR x rr • F1: Rr (so we cross Rr x Rr) • F2: 75% purple (RR, Rr, Rr) & 25% white (rr)

38. Crossing Over • Happens during Prophase 1 of Meiosis

39. Application of punnett square • What is the probability that you will get: • MMXX, MmXX, MmXx, MMXx – 56.25% • MMxx, Mmxx – 18.75% • mmXX, mmXx– 18.75% • mmxx – 6.25%

40. When does a cell become haploid during Meiosis? • Anaphase 1 • When homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite sides of the cell.

41. Anaphase 1 vs. Anaphase 2 • Anaphase 1 – homologous pairs are separated • Anaphase 2 – sister chromatids are separated

42. Typical human chromosome numer • Body cell – 46 chromosome • Gamete (egg or sperm cell) – 23 chromosomes

43. True – breeding Crosses • A true-breeding tall pea plant is crossed with a true-breeding short pea plant, and all the offspring are tall. What is the most likely genotype of the offspring assuming a single-gene trait? • True – breeding means homozygous • P: TT x tt • F1: Tt