Evolution of Computers: From Abacus to Analytical Engine

2. Computer  We are familiar with a word ‘compute’ which means to calculate. The term computer is derived from the word ‘compute’  A machine capable of following instruction to alter data in a desirable way and to perform at least some of these operations without human intervention.  A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format.

3. Computer  Important characteristics of computer are :  Speed  Reliability  Accuracy  Diligence (do not concentration)  Storage capacity  Versatility  Resource sharing  Interactive Computing. tire or suffer from lack of

4. ABACUS 4thCentury B.C. The counting aid, may have been invented in Babylonia (now Iraq) in the fourth century B.C. This device allows users to make computations using a system of arranged on a rack. abacus, a simple sliding beads

5. The Napier’s Bone (1617)  Invented named John Napier . He first invented logarithms in 1617 and he got the idea from printed tables. From the printed tables he alternative logarithms carved on ivory sticks . by a Scottish the made an wherein values are

6. The Slide Rule  A slide rule can do very difficult calculations and architects were using it before in calculations. Three men developed the slide rule and they were Gunter, William Oughtred, and Robert Bissaker. It was in 1632 when slide rule was first built in England. It was used in the 1960s by engineers of Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs which landed men on moon. engineers Edmund

7. The Pascaline (1623 - 1662)  At the age of 19, Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline in 1642 for his father who is a tax collector. He had built 50 of this gear-driven one- function calculator, which only performs addition. But he wasn’t able to sell the device because of its high cost and inaccuracy.  Pascaline uses numbered wheels connected by gears. Pascal continually develop his machine until it can already perform subtraction and addition up to nine digits long.  15 calculation in 1 minute. complicated arrangement of This is the pascalline opened up with gears and cylinders which rotated to show the numerical result

8. The Step Reckoner  Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz is a German mathematician who fundamental principles in infinitesimal calculus.  In 1672, Leibniz invented a calculating machine which he called the stepped reckoner. He called it a stepped reckoner for instead of using gears like Pascal it has fluted drums with ten flutes arranged around their circumference in a stair- step fashion. It is capable of subtracting, multiplying, extracting roots. The device uses the decimal number system. discovered the adding, , and dividing

9. JACQUARD’S LOOM  In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard , a French inventor developed the power loom. The Jacquard’s loom works by using wooden punched cards together in a rope to program patterns in order woven fabrics. The presence or absence of each hole in the card physically allows a colored thread to pass or stop the thread. held to create

10. JACQUARD’S LOOM Jacquard’s Loom

11. First Functional Computer  Charles Babbage  (1791 - 1871)  Differential Engine Designed for Navigational Calculation for ships. Very Impractical to use!

12. The Difference Engine  Charles Babbage designed this steam driven calculating machine about the size of the room. The machine intended to solve tables of numbers, such as logarithm tables which was use in navigations. engine should be capable or calculating 20-decimal capacity of solving mathematical problems.  The machine was greatly government to be used by the Navy. Unfortunately, even though a lot of money was put into the completion of the machine it was never been finished. The difference funded by the British

13. ANALYTICAL ENGINE  Again, Charles Babbage analytical engine. He got the mechanism of Jacquard’s loom. The punched card technology was used in this machine and Babbage improved it. The analytical engine is programmable, it is as large as a house with 6 steam engines. mathematical calculations, storing information by using punched cards as a permanent memory. This machine also uses conditional statement to perform calculations. conceived a new machine, called the It is capable of performing  Babbage befriended Ada Byron for the fashioning programs of the Analytical engine. However when Ada had already made plans and notes for the machine, Babbage refused to publish his ideas. The British government refused to fund Babbage’s machine and remain unbuilt. It was only in 1833 that the machine was constructed but then only a part of it was finished.

14. First Generation ENIAC (1940-1956)  Short Numerical and developed Government increasing computer calculate trajectory tables and other essential data.  It could do nuclear physics calculations (in two hours) which it would have taken 100 engineers a year to do by hand.  The system's program could be changed by rewiring a panel. for Electrical Integrator Calculator, by was US the for to the fill to need capacity Length : 15ooo Sq/Ft. Weight : 300 Tan Height : 3 Story Building 3 Lac Mile Long Wire 18000 Vacuum Tube , 10000 Capacitors 70000 Registers , 60000 switches

15. Second Generation (1956-1963) TRANSISTOR  In the Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley discovered the "transfer resistor"; later labeled the transistor.  Advantages: increased reliability 1/13 size of vacuum tubes consumed 1/20 of the electricity of vacuum tubes were a fraction of the cost laboratories of Bell Telephone, John  This tiny device had a huge impact on and extensive implications for modern computers. In 1956, the transistor won its creators the Noble Peace Prize for their invention.

16. Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits:  The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.  Transistors were miniaturized and placed on siliconchips, called semiconductors.  Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time.

17. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors  The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.  The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer.  From the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.  Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

18. Fifth Generation (Present & Beyond) Artificial Intelligence: Fifth generation computing devices, based an artificial intelligence. There are some application such as voice recognition, expert systems, natural language, neural network and robotics. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self- organization.

19. End of Chapter