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APA Citations

The APA citation style is essential for researchers and students alike, emphasizing the importance of precision in academic writing. This guide covers various types of citations, including journal articles, books, book chapters, dissertations, and web documents. By following these formats, authors can ensure their work is properly credited and accessible. Learn to avoid common pitfalls and appreciate the value of details in citation, helping you produce scholarly work that meets academic standards.

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APA Citations

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  1. APA Citations

  2. Beware of the person who can't be bothered by details.William FeatherPublisher & Author

  3. APA Citation Examples • • Journal Article • • Book • • Book Chapter • • Dissertation • • Nonperiodical Web Document • • All Others…

  4. Journal Article • • General Form • Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume #, nn-nn. • • Example • Wright, S. P., Horn, L. J., & Sanders, W. L. (1997). Teachers and classrooms context effects on student achievement: Implications for teacher evaluation. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 11, 57-67.

  5. Journal Article: Details

  6. Journal Article: Example 1 Gerend, M. A. (2009). Does calorie information promote lower calorie fast food choices among college students? Journal of Adolescent Health, 44, 84-86.

  7. Journal Article: Example 2 Miley, W. M., & Gonsalves, S. (2003). What you don’t know can hurt you: Students’ perceptions of professors’ annoying teaching habits. College Student Journal, 37, 447-455.

  8. Book • • General Form • Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of book. City, ST: Publisher. • • Example • Raths, L. E., Wassermann, S., Jonas, A., & Rothstein, A. (1986). Teaching for thinking: Theory, strategies, and activities for the classroom. (2nd ed.). New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.

  9. Book Chapter • • General Form • Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (p. # or pp. #-#). City, ST: Publisher. • • Example • Stallings, J. (1977). How instructional processes relate to child outcomes. In G. D. Borich, & K. S. Fenton (Eds.), The appraisal of teaching: Concepts and process (pp. 104-113). Reading, MA: Wiley & Sons.

  10. Dissertation • • General Form • Author, A. A. (year). Title of dissertation. Retrieved from Name of Database. (AAT #) • • Example • Biswas, S. (2008). Dopamine D3 receptor: A neuroprotective treatment target in Parkinson's disease. Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (AAT 3295214)

  11. ERIC Document • • General Form • Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of article. City, ST: Institutional (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED ### ###). • • Example • Kerker, R. M., & Clements, R. O. (1981). Reducing and combining classroom observation categories into behavioral profiles. Austin, TX: Research and Development Center for Teacher Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 230 492).

  12. Nonperiodical Web Document • • General Form • Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved from http://web address • • Example • Angeli, E., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ • If there is no date of publication, use (n.d.) for no date.

  13. All Others… • • When in doubt, search Google for: • APA 6th Edition [type of publication] • • See also: • http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

  14. My Deviations from Strict APA • Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye. Memory & Cognition, 3, 635-647. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225 • Hamfi, A. G. (1981). The funny nature of dogs. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/fdo Do not include the directory or data source for your articles as shown above.

  15. Other Issues • • Don’t copy other people’s citations, even the original author—they’re often wrong. • • Spell out completely the name of journals. • • Don’t use online formatting sites—I’ve never found one that is 100% correct. • • When to use the issue number (see example 2 on previous slide) • • Never pay for a research article.

  16. Research Question Development Do this for three articles related to one of your research question.

  17. Research Question Development

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