Georgia’s Redemption Years and the New South (1877 – 1918)

1. Georgia’s Redemption Years and the New South(1877 – 1918)

2. Became managing editor of the Atlanta Constitution where he wrote controversial editorials Grady’s ability to sell the “New South” helped bring jobs, recognition, and investments to the recovering Georgia economy. One of the principal planners of Atlanta’s 1881 International Cotton Exposition Helped increase Atlanta Constitutions circulation Helped to create Georgia Tech Helped raise funds to develop the Young Men’s Christian Association building in Atlanta See speech on page 318 Henry Grady 1850 - 1889

3. The 1881 International Cotton Exposition buildings in Atlanta's Oglethorpe Park consisted of a central building and several wings. The central building was devoted to textile-manufacturing displays while the wings showcased other southern products, including sugar, rice, and tobacco. International cotton exposition

4. The 1895 Cotton States and International Exposition, started in present-day Piedmont Park. The exhibits showcased products and the latest technology in an effort to promote trade between southern states and South American countries. International cotton exposition

5. Georgia General Assembly (1882) U.S. House of Representatives (1890) U.S. Senate (1920 and died in office) Watson quickly became one of the foremost trial lawyers in Georgia, but he was drawn to local politics Watson emerged as a voice for the agrarian tradition. Tom watson and the populists

6. RURAL FREE DELIVERY (RFD) BILL He was concerned about Georgia’s poor and struggling farmers as well as the African-American farmers who were mostly tenant farmers or sharecroppers. He is known for introducing the RURAL FREE DELIVERY (RFD) BILL, which required the U.S. postmaster general to find a way to deliver mail to rural homes free of charge. Tom watson and the populists

7. Georgia Stores: The Race Riot of 1906 The cover of French magazine "Le Petit Journal" in October 1906 depicting the Atlanta Race Riot False reports of black assaults were published in local newspapers on September 22. Some reported that thousands of whites brought guns and began to roam through downtown Atlanta. Fears grew; and the attacks became real. The riot lasted two days; martial law was declared. 18 African Americans and 3 whites were killed; hundreds were injured; property destruction was high. 1906 atlanta Race riot

8. In effect, this is the system of allotting votes by county, with little regard for population differences. It allowed rural counties to control Georgia elections by minimizing the impact of the growing urban centers, particularly Atlanta. The county unit system

9. Urban counties were the 8 most populous 8 x 6 = 48 votes town counties were the next 30 in population size 30 x 4 = 120 votes rural counties constituted the remaining 121 121 x 2 = 242 votes Which group gets the most say in the government based on votes? Rural Counties The county unit system Which group has the most to lose based on this system? Urban counties Political Cartoon Handout

10. The name Jim Crow came from a song-and-dance routine of the 1830s and was meant as a derogatory synonym for African Americans. Jim Crow was the name of the racial caste system which operated primarily, but not exclusively in southern and border states, between 1877 and the mid-1960s. Jim Crow was more than a series of rigid anti-black laws. It was a way of life. Under Jim Crow, African Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens. Jim crow laws

11. 1904 caricature of "White" and "Jim Crow" rail cars by John T. McCutcheon. Despite Jim Crow's legal pretense that the races be "separate but equal" under the law, non-whites were given inferior facilities and treatment. http://www.google.com/imgres?start=178&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1024&bih=898&tbm=isch&tbnid=njpP72g4gW45gM:&imgrefurl=http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/04/27/11435045-jim-crow-museum-of-racist-memorabilia-in-michigan%3Flite&docid=BWT6_8tBqaacfM&imgurl=http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Photo/_new/pb-120427-jim-crow-jb-02.photoblog900.jpg&w=900&h=591&ei=KUQDUY_SPJOO8wS2poGwCQ&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:98,s:100,i:298&iact=rc&dur=784&sig=105550553959872015610&page=9&tbnh=163&tbnw=274&ndsp=22&tx=151&ty=54 Jim crow laws

12. The KKK was formed as a social group in Tennessee in 1866. The name probably came from the Greek word kuklos, meaning "circle." Ku Klux Klan Klan was an alliterative version of "clan," thus Ku Klux Klan suggested a circle, or band, of brothers The organization fell into decline from 1868 to 1870 and was destroyed in the early 1870s by President Ulysses S. Grant's vigorous enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1871 also known as the Ku Klux Klan Act. Group 2: In 1915, a second distinct group was founded using the same name. Inspired by the film, The Birth of a Nation Group 3: The name was used by many independent local groups opposing the Civil Rights Movement and desegregation, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. http://www.google.com/imgres?start=178&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1024&bih=898&tbm=isch&tbnid=njpP72g4gW45gM:&imgrefurl=http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/04/27/11435045-jim-crow-museum-of-racist-memorabilia-in-michigan%3Flite&docid=BWT6_8tBqaacfM&imgurl=http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Photo/_new/pb-120427-jim-crow-jb-02.photoblog900.jpg&w=900&h=591&ei=KUQDUY_SPJOO8wS2poGwCQ&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:98,s:100,i:298&iact=rc&dur=784&sig=105550553959872015610&page=9&tbnh=163&tbnw=274&ndsp=22&tx=151&ty=54 Ku Klux Klan

13. Homer Plessy was jailed for sitting in a railroad car designated for whites only. Plessywas in fact seven-eighths white and one-eighth black which by Louisiana law meant he was treated as an African-American and required to sit in the car designated for "colored" patrons. When Plessy lost his initial court case, his appeal made it to the US Supreme Court. The Court ruled 7-1 that the Louisiana law requiring that the races be separated did not violate the thirteenth or fourteenth amendments to the Constitution as long as the facilities were deemed equal. Plessy v ferguson 1896 Plessy decision would be used as a precedent until 1954 with the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education which stated separated was NOT always equal.

14. Superintendent of the National Pencil Company factory in Atlanta. On April 26, 1913, charged with the murder of Mary Phagan, a 14-year-old employee. Little evidence, but Frank was convicted and sentenced to death, largely because of the testimony of Jim Conley, the factory’s African American janitor. Conley was also a suspect; his testimony should not have been used. Jews were not liked at this time and Frank was Jewish. Sentence was changed to life in prison. 25 men entered the state penitentiary in Milledgeville, took Frank, and hung him in Marietta. Leo frank case Georgia Stories: The New South and Leo Frank

15. Verb Deprive (someone) of the right to vote. Deprived of power; marginalized. The poll taxsimply put a tax on votingmaking it difficult for the poor to vote. Literacy test might have an election inspector ask a voter to show an understanding of some piece of writing. It might be a newspaper story or a child’s textbook, or it might be article three subsection 5A of the state constitution. The potential voter "passed" at the discretion of the election inspector. Property testsmade it illegal to vote unless you owned property. The Grandfather Clause waived the requirements named above if the voter's ancestors had voted before Reconstruction. disenfranchisement

16. These tests were one of many tools used to prevent certain people from exercising the right to vote. Take the test to see how you would have fared. Which of the following is a right guaranteed by the Bill of Rights? Public Education Employment Trial by Jury Voting If a person is indicted for a crime, name two rights he/she has. A U.S. senator elected at the general election in November takes office the following year on what date? Name two things that the states are forbidden to do by the U.S. Constitution. 5. On the impeachment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, who tries the case? SAMPLE LITERACY TEST

17. These tests were one of many tools used to prevent certain people from exercising the right to vote. Take the test to see how you would have fared. 5. Sur la mise en accusation de la Justice Principale de la Cour suprême, qui essaie le cas ? SAMPLE LITERACY TEST

18. Georgia's toll of 458 lynch victims was exceeded only by Mississippi's toll of 538. During the 1880s and 1890s instances of lethal mob violence increased steadily, peaking in 1899, when twenty-seven Georgians fell victim to lynch mobs. Lynchingrefers to the illegal killing of a person by a group of others. It does not refer to the method of killing. Lynching victims were murdered by being hanged, shot, burned, drowned, dismembered, or dragged to death. Racial violence in Georgia (late 1800s)

19. Considered to be the major African-American spokesman in the eyes of white America. • Born a slave in Virginia, Washington was educated at Hampton Institute, Norfolk, Virginia. • He began to work at the Tuskegee Institute in 1881 and built it into a center of learning and industrial and agricultural training. • skilled at politics, he was powerful and influential in both the black and white communities. • Washington was a confidential advisor to presidents. For years, presidential political appointments of African-Americans were cleared through him. • Although Washington was an accommodator, he spoke out against lynchings and worked to make "separate" facilities more "equal.” KEY POINTS: Felt vocational education was essential for African Americans Economic equality was more important than social equality Political and social equality would come from economic independence Booker t. washington1856 - 1915

20. A ship lost at sea for many days suddenly sighted a friendly vessel. From the mast of the unfortunate vessel was seen a signal, “Water, water; we die of thirst!” The answer from the friendly vessel at once came back, “Cast down your bucket where you are.” A second time the signal “Water, water; send us water!” ran up from the distressed vessel, and was answered, “Cast down your bucket where you are!” A third and fourth signal for water was answered, “Cast down your bucket where you are.” The captain of the distressed vessel, at last heeding the injunction, cast down his bucket and it came up full of fresh, sparkling water from the mouth of the Amazon River. To those of my race who depend on bettering their condition in a foreign land or who underestimate the importance of cultivating friendly relations with the southern white man, who is their next door neighbor, I would say: “Cast down your bucket where you are. . . .” Booker t. washington1856 - 1915 Speech at Cotton States and International Exposition speaking to a racially-mixed crowd. P. 353-354 What does his speech mean to you?

21. To whites, Washington offered the same advice: Cast down your bucket. . . Among the eight millions of Negroes. . . Who have, without strikes and labor wars, tilled your fields, cleared your forests, builded your railroads, and cities. . . The most patient, faithful, law-abiding, and unresentful people that the world has seen. Suddenly, Washington flung his hand up, the fingers held apart and said: In all things that are purely social, we can be as separate as the fingers. . . He then balled up his fingers into a fist and continued: Yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. Booker t. washington FIST SPEECH Speech at Cotton States and International Exposition speaking to a racially-mixed crowd. P. 354 What does his speech mean to you?

22. Scholar and activist W.E.B. Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868 in Massachusetts. He studied at Harvard University and in 1895 became the first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard. He wrote extensively and was the best known spokesperson for African American rights during the first half of the 20th century. He cofounded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) He coined the phrase "the talented tenth," a term that described the likelihood of one in ten black men becoming leaders of their race. While working as a professor at Atlanta University, Du Bois rose to national prominence when he very publicly opposed Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise," an agreement that asserted that vocational education for blacks was more valuable to them than social advantages like higher education or political office. w.e.b. dubois 1868 - 1963

23. Born in August, GA to a white father and a black mother Treated as the son of a plantation owner Graduated from Brown University Taught at Atlanta Baptist College which was renamed Morehouse. Became first black president of Morehouse Believed social equality was just as important as economic equality (opposite Washington. Involved with the beginnings of NAACP Helped form the Atlanta University Center Wife of John Hope Organized the Neighborhood Union, which offered vocational classes for children, a health center, and clubs for boys and girls Neighborhood Union also provided financial aid for needy families and pressured city leaders to improve roads , lighting, and sanitation in the African American neighborhoods of Atlanta John and Lugenia Burns Hope

24. Born a slave in Walton County. An African American barber and entrepreneur He was founder and president of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company, one of the most successful black-owned insurance businesses in the nation. At the time of his death, he was Atlanta’s wealthiest black citizen, owning more property than any other African American.. Alonzo Herndon 1858 - 1927 Herndon home Atlanta near the capital.

25. Additional terms to know for quiz: Bourbon Triumvirates Joseph E. Brown Integration Rebecca Latimer Felton Populists Segregation White Supremacy Summary Georgia’s RedeMption Years and the New South (1877 – 1918) Georgia Stories: Child Labor and the Farm Child Labor and the Textile Mills

26. Read Chapter 10 for a better understanding of these people 8SS_G2007-38 38a—evaluate the impact of each on Georgia between 1877 and 1918 including Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, International Cotton Exposition, Tom Watson and the Populists, Rebecca Latimer Felton, 1906 Atlanta Riot, Leo Frank Case, and the county unit system 38b—analyze the denial of rights of African Americans through the Jim Crow laws including Plessy v Ferguson, disenfranchisement and racial iolence 38c—differentiate the roles of Booker T. Washington, W..E.B. DuBois, John and Lugenia Burns Hope, and Alonzo Herndon Summary Georgia’s RedeMption Years and the New South (1877 – 1918)