Mercedes P. Castañeda, University of Puerto Rico Mentors: Dr. James Brooks and Dr. David Eaton National High Magnetic Fi

1. Electronic Paper Power Supply Mercedes P. Castañeda, University of Puerto Rico Mentors: Dr. James Brooks and Dr. David Eaton National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Research Experience for Undergraduates - Summer 2003

2. Introduction In the year 2000, the Nobel Prizes in chemistry was awarded for the discovery of conductive polymers. Since the discovery in 1970, work has continue at a rapid pace and in recent years this materials have become comercialy important. The new technology is improving the nano scale system and it is very important to develop a source of energy that can work at this scale.

3. Materials • Baytron P • Glycerine • Resistors • LabView Program • Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) • H3PO4 • H2O • Transparencies • Syringes • Pipettes • Voltmeter • Toluene • Sonicator • Hot plate and stirrer

4. Baytron P Scientific Name: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) or PEDT/PSS Molecular Formula

5. Properties of Baytron P • Higher transmission in the visible spectrum with comparable conductivity = transparent, colorless to bluish coatings • A minimum surface resistivity of approximately 150 ohms/square can be achieved, depending on the manufacturing conditions. • Better resistance to hydrolysis • Have good photostability and good thermal stability • Virtually 100% absorption in the range of 900 to 2000 nm.

6. Polyvinyl Alcohol - Polyvinyl Alcohol is a polymer made from vinyl alcohol

7. When many vinyl alcohol monomers are linked together a long polymer molecule (PVA) is formed. The PVA molecule consists of a long chain of carbon atoms (about 4400 carbon atoms per molecule) to which are attached hydrogen atoms and OH groups. Fragment of the structure of the PVA

8. Procedure • Make and print the electrochemical cells • Drop Baytron P on the plastic • Let dry the Baytron P for al least 12 hours • Sonicate the sheets for 1-2 seconds in toluene • Put one drop of the PVA:phosphoric acid across the middle of the sample • Let it dry for a few hours

9. Samples with glycerine • Make and print the electrochemical cells • Mix 5 drops of glycerine with Baytron P • Drop Baytron P:Glycerine on the plastic • Let dry the Baytron P:Glycerine for al least 12 hours • Sonicate the sheets for 1-2 seconds in toluene • Put one drop of the PVA:phosphoric acid across the middle of the sample • Let it dry for a few hours

10. PVA:Phosphoric acid • Materials: • 5 g Polyvinyl Alcohol 88% hydrolyzed • 5 mL Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) 85% • 50 mL H2O • Procedure: • A beaker containing 50 mL H2O is place in a hot plate with stirrer. • Add 5 mL of H3PO4 to the beaker. • Turn on the stirrer. • Very slowly start adding 5 g of PVA to the solution.

11. Pictures

12. Electrochemical cells

13. Samples toner Baytron P

14. Connections

15. Results: Graphs and diagrams

16. Control Samples • Transparency • Transparency with Baytron P

18. Sample

20. Resistance of Sample B ℓ= 3.2 inches W = 0.10 inches w ℓ I = 1.0 µA V = 1.71 V By Ohms’ Law: R = V / I = 1.71 V / 1.0 µA = 1.71 M Ω

21. Resistance of Sample B ℓ= 3.2 inches W = 0.10 inches w ℓ I = 1.0 µA V = 1.2 V By Ohms’ Law: R = V / I = 1.2 V / 1.0 µA = 1.2 M Ω

22. Resistance of Sample B ℓ= 3.2 inches W = 0.10 inches w ℓ I = 10 µA V = 0.5 V By Ohms’ Law: R = V / I = 0.5 V / 10 µA = 5.0 e4 Ω

23. Resistance of Sample B ℓ= 3.2 inches W = 0.10 inches w ℓ I = 1.0 µA V = 0.54 V By Ohms’ Law: R = V / I = 0.54 V / 1.0 µA = 5.4 e5 Ω

26. Resistance and Power of Sample 3-A Data: I = 10 e-6 V = 0.30 V By Ohm’s Law: V = I R  R = V / I R = 0.3 V / 10 e-6 A = 3 e4Ω With a Resistor = 1.20 MΩ I = V / R = 50 e-3 V / 1.2 e6Ω = 4.17 e-8 A P = I V = (4.17 e-8Ω) (50 e-3 V) = 2.085 e-9 W

27. With R=1.2 MΩ the voltage drops from 0.32 to 0.12 V. Then: I = V/R = 0.12 V / 1.2 MΩ = 1.0 e-7 A and P = I V = (1.0 e-7 A)(0.12V) = 1.2 e-8 W Sample

28. Sample

29. Sample

30. Resistance of Sample G-C Data: I= 100 e-6 A V = 1V By Ohm’s law: R = V / I = 1V / 100 e-6 A = 10 KΩ

31. Resistance of little boxes samples With glycerine: V = 0.25 V I = 10-5 A R = V / I = 0.25 V / 10-5A = 2.4 e-4Ω Without glycerine: V = 1.2 V I = 10-5 A R = V / I = 1.2 V / 10-5 A = 1.2 e5 Ω Sample

32. Sample

33. - logarithmic scale Sample

34. Calculations In order to obtain the energy store (E): Data: Formulas: t = 0 V = 0.1 V V = V0 e-t/ τ t = 4.94 e5 V = 0.01 V ln V = ln V0 – t/τ P = P0 e-t/ τ Energy (E) = ∫ P dt (0, ∞) Then: ln (0.01) = ln (0.1) – 4.94e5/ τ  τ = 4.94e5 / ln (0.1/0.01) τ = 2.15 e5

35. The energy is: Energy (E) = ∫ P dt (0,∞) = P0∫ e-t/ τdt (0,∞)  E = P0τ = 4.1 e-3 Joules How many electrons? E = N e V  N = E / e V N = 2.6 e17 electrons P0 = V2 / R

36. Conclusions • Baytron P is not good for connecting big materials. • Glycerine is given the same respond. • This experimentation is reproducible. • This samples show some promise as a nano power source and as an organic paper detector.

37. A Special Thanks To… National Science Foundation National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Dr. Pat Dixon Ms. Gina LaFrazza-Hickey & the CIRL staff Dr.James Brooks Dr. David Eaton