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RuleML for the Semantic Web

This paper presents insights into the Rule Markup Language (RuleML) and its significance for the Semantic Web, discussed during the OntoWeb Kick-off Workshop in June 2001. The authors, including Harold Boley, Benjamin Grosof, Said Tabet, and Gerd Wagner, outline the evolution of rules on the web, the modular DTD hierarchy of RuleML, and its potential applications in e-commerce and knowledge representation. The paper also discusses the intersection of XML and RDF, emphasizing the importance of rule interchange for intelligent agents and knowledge-based systems.

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RuleML for the Semantic Web

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  1. RuleML for the Semantic Web Harold Boley (joint work with Benjamin Grosof, Said Tabet, and Gerd Wagner) OntoWeb Kick-off Workshop, Heraklion, Greece, 13-15 June 2001 Revised: 17 July 2001

  2. Motivation (I) • Rules in (and for) the Web have become a mainstream topic since • inference rules were • marked up for E-Commerce • identified as a Design Issue of the Semantic Web • transformation rules were used for document generation from central XML repository • Rule interchange is becoming more important in Knowledge Representation (KR), especially in • Intelligent Agents • AI shells for knowledge-based systems RuleML

  3. Motivation (II) • The Rule Markup Initiative has taken initial steps towards defining a shared Rule Markup Language (RuleML) for interoperation betweenParticipants • RuleML permits forward (bottom-up) and backward (top-down) rules in XML for • deduction • rewriting • further inferential-transformational tasks RuleML

  4. Structure of the RuleML DTD Hierarchy • Our system of DTDs (current version: 0.8) uses a modularization approach similar to XHTML in order to accomodate the various rule subcommunities • The evolving hierarchy of RuleML DTDs forms a partial order with ruleml as the greatest element (a ruleml-rooted DAG) -- many ‘smallest’ elements • Each DTD node in the hierarchy (conformance “lattice”) corresponds to a specific RuleML sublanguage: • ‘Union’ (join) of sublanguages reached via outgoing links: to smaller or equal nodes below • ‘Intersection’ (meet) of sublanguages via incoming links: from greater or equal nodes above RuleML

  5. The Module Hierarchy of RuleML DTDs ruleml ur-equalog Rooted DAG will be extended with branches for further sublanguages equalog ur-hornlog hornlog ur-datalog ur-datalog = join(ur,datalog) datalog ur urc-datalog bin-datalog URL/URI-like ‘ur’-objects urc-bin-datalog urc-bin-data-ground-log urc-bin-data-ground-fact RDF-like triples RuleML

  6. From traditional XML Representation toRDF-like Representation of RuleML Rules • XML: N-ary, positional representation of rules; overspecification for non-sequential parts • RDF: Binary, labeled representation of rules with nodes for resources and labels as explicit role names; Seq container needed for sequential parts • RuleML: • Sequential parts from XML • Labeled parts from RDF RuleML

  7. Challenge hypertext as one XHTML paragraph: <p>If you want to review rule principles, you may look at <a href="http://www.cis.njit.edu/.../rbs.html">Rule Based Systems</a> </p> premise conclusion Recommender Rule: Forward Markups <imp> <_body> <p>You want to review rule principles</p> </_body> <_head> <p>You may look at <a href="http://www.cis.njit.edu/.../rbs.html">Rule Based Systems</a> </p> </_head> </imp> Original RuleML markup with XHTML in body/head (English premise and semiformal conclusion): RuleML

  8. conclusion premise Recommender Rule: Backward Markup Further formalized RuleML markup (still unanalyzed English relation and individual-constant names): <imp> <_head> <atom> <_opr> <rel>may look at</rel> </_opr> <var>you</var> <ind href="http://www.cis.njit.edu/~rju3268/rbs.html">Rule Based Systems</ind> </atom> </_head> <_body> <atom> <_opr> <rel>want to review</rel> </_opr> <var>you</var> <ind>rule principles</ind> </atom> </_body> </imp> RuleML

  9. RDF in RuleML: RDF triples as facts described by a DTD in the RuleML family Example: Next slide RuleML in RDF: RDF graphs and serializations for RuleML rules Exemplified in previous slides Two-Way Relationship Between RuleML and RDF RuleML

  10. RuleMLElementofURC-Bin-Data-Ground-FactDTD:RDF Triple as Very Special Rule RDF triple (predicate, subject, object) as atom predicate(subject, object) or rel(ur, ur|ind) "http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila has creator Ora Lassila." (Creator, http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila, Ora Lassila) <fact> <atom> <_opr> <rel>Creator</rel> </_opr> <ind href="http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila"/> <ind>Ora Lassila</ind> </atom> </fact> RuleML

  11. Conclusions • RuleML DTD 0.8, a system of DTDs, is available at http://www.dfki.de/ruleml/indtd0.8.html; sample files at http://www.dfki.de/ruleml/0.8/exa • Further rule categories (e.g. integrity constraints and reaction rules) will be available via main RuleML page at http://www.dfki.de/ruleml • Distributed KR can already be based on current DTDs -- using (XSLT) transformations to reach follow-up and Participants’ DTDs RuleML

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