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Understanding Multithreading: Models, Issues, and Implementations Across Operating Systems

This chapter provides an in-depth overview of multithreading concepts, including key models such as Many-to-One, One-to-One, and Many-to-Many. It discusses threading issues and compares user-level and kernel-level threads, showcasing libraries like POSIX Pthreads, Win32 threads, and Java threads. The text examines multithreading implementations across various operating systems such as Linux, Solaris, and Windows. Benefits of multithreading, including responsiveness, resource sharing, and multiprocessor utilization, are also highlighted, offering a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.

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Understanding Multithreading: Models, Issues, and Implementations Across Operating Systems

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 4: Threads

  2. Chapter 4: Threads • Overview • Multithreading Models • Threading Issues • Pthreads • Linux Threads

  3. Single and Multithreaded Processes

  4. Benefits • Responsiveness • Resource Sharing • Economy • Utilization of MP Architectures

  5. User Threads • Thread management done by user-level threads library • Three primary thread libraries: • POSIX Pthreads • Win32 threads • Java threads

  6. Kernel Threads • Supported by the Kernel • Examples • Windows XP/2000 • Solaris • Linux • Tru64 UNIX • Mac OS X

  7. Multithreading Models • Many-to-One • One-to-One • Many-to-Many

  8. Many-to-One • Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread • Examples: • Solaris Green Threads • GNU Portable Threads • Thread management is done by the thread library in user space • Only one thread can access the kernel at a time

  9. Many-to-One Model

  10. One-to-One • Each user-level thread maps to a kernel thread • Examples • Windows NT/XP/2000 • Linux • Solaris 9 and later • Allow multiple threads to run in parallel on multiprocessors • Creating a user thread requires creating the corresponding kernel thread.

  11. One-to-one Model

  12. Many-to-Many Model • Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many kernel threads • Allows the operating system to create a sufficient number of kernel threads • Windows NT/2000 with the ThreadFiber package

  13. Many-to-Many Model

  14. Pthreads • A POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1c) API for thread creation and synchronization • API specifies behavior of the thread library, implementation is up to development of the library • Common in UNIX operating systems (Solaris, Linux, Mac OS X)

  15. Windows XP Threads • Implements the one-to-one mapping • Each thread contains • A thread id • Register set • Separate user and kernel stacks • Private data storage area • The register set, stacks, and private storage area are known as the context of the threads • The primary data structures of a thread include: • ETHREAD (executive thread block) • KTHREAD (kernel thread block) • TEB (thread environment block)

  16. Linux Threads • Linux refers to them as tasks rather than threads • Thread creation is done through clone() system call • clone() allows a child task to share the address space of the parent task (process)

  17. End of Chapter 4

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