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Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence

TRADOC DCSINT. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence. U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command. OPFOR. FM 7-100 Opposing Force: Doctrinal Framework and Strategy Introduction. FM 7-100. Opposing Force Doctrinal Framework and Strategy.

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Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence

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  1. TRADOC DCSINT Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command

  2. OPFOR FM 7-100 Opposing Force:Doctrinal Framework and StrategyIntroduction FM 7-100 Opposing Force Doctrinal Framework and Strategy

  3. In no other profession are the penalties for employing untrained personnel so appalling or so irrevocable as in the military.-General Douglas MacArthur OPFOR FM 7-100 Purpose: Opposing Force Doctrinal Framework and Strategy To obtain an overview and understanding of the OPFOR doctrine as contained in FM 7-100Opposing Force:Doctrinal Framework and Strategy

  4. Introduction Chapter 1: The State Chapter 2: Structure of the State Chapter 3: Strategy for Total War Chapter 4: Regional Operations Chapter 5: Transition Operations Chapter 6: Adaptive Operations Chapter 7: Force Design, Mobilization, and Sustainment OPFOR FM 7-100 FM 7-100Organization Opposing Force Doctrinal Framework and Strategy

  5. Operational Environment (OE) – a composite of the conditions, circumstance, and influences that affect the employment of military forces and bear on the decisions of the unit commander. (JP 1-02) Contemporary Operational Environment (COE) – the OE that exists in the world today and is expected to exist in the clearly foreseeable future. (FM 7-100) Training for the COE

  6. No peer competitor until 2020 or beyond Nations will continue to field armed forces Their actions may cause U.S. intervention Develop diplomatic and military plans to deal with U.S. intervention Modernize armed forces within economic constraints Advanced technology available on world market Non-state actors in any regional conflict Variables other than military capabilities affect operations COE Premises

  7. Nature and stability of the State Regional and global relationships Economics Sociological demographics Information Physical environment Technology External organizations National will Time Military capabilities Critical Variables of COE

  8. Critical VariablesNature and Stability of the State • How strong or how weak • Where is the real strength • Who is in charge • Nature and aims of military campaign • Kinds of threats present Kosovo, August 2001

  9. Critical VariablesRegional and Global Relationships • Political, economic, military, or cultural • Alliances and coalitions • Opponents can influence our coalitions • Add to military capability and broaden scale of military operations • Unpredictability • Nonaligned states

  10. TRADOC DCSINT Critical VariablesEconomics • “Haves” and “have-nots” • Economic differences can cause conflicts • Economic vs military superiority • Ability to buy military technology or to conduct prolonged operations • Regional and global relationships can result in military or political assistance

  11. TRADOC DCSINT Critical VariablesSociological Demographics • Cultural, religious, ethnic • Extreme devotion to a cause • Sympathetic to enemy cause • Refugees and displaced persons • Urban environments (cities) • Impact of local population

  12. Critical VariablesInformation • Information-based society and information technology • Computers • Other information systems • Civilian and military sectors • Information warfare • Computer warfare • Information attack • Psychological warfare • Deception

  13. Critical VariablesInformation • Media and global information flow • Transparency (access to data) • Publicize U.S. mistakes and failures • Sway public and political opinion • Situational awareness • Home field advantage • Commercial systems • Human networks

  14. Critical VariablesPhysical Environment • Terrain and weather • Less complex and open environments favor the U.S. • Military forces are optimized for certain environments • Enemies will try to use urban environments and other complex terrain to their advantage

  15. TRADOC DCSINT Critical VariablesTechnology • What nations and others can — • Develop and Produce • Purchase and Import • Overmatch U.S. systems in selected niche areas Example: Advanced Antiaircraft Weapons could threaten U.S. Air Superiority • Asymmetric counters to U.S. technological advantage

  16. Critical VariablesExternal Organizations • International humanitarian relief • Manmade and natural disasters • Disease, hunger, and poverty • International media • Transnational corporations

  17. TRADOC DCSINT Critical VariablesExternal Organizations - Growing in influence and power - Willingness to become involved - Stated and hidden interests/ objectives

  18. Critical VariablesNational Will • People, government, and military • Objectives and duration of a conflict • Attack the opponent’s national will and try to preserve your own • U.S. national will as a vulnerability—a strategic center of gravity • Victory often depends on will

  19. Critical VariablesTime • Time drives decision making and operations • Opponents see time as being in their advantage • Adjust the nature of the conflict • Prepare for adaptive operations • Dictate the tempo • Seize opportunities • Outlast the U.S. will to continue

  20. Most critical and complex variable Interacts with other variables Measured in relative terms Conventional against local or regional actors Critical Variables Military Capabilities • Adaptive approaches against the U.S.

  21. Key terms Enemy Threat Opposing force Cold War OPFOR Contemporary OPFOR Contemporary threats and other actors Nation-state actors Non-state actors Real-world and training considerations Background

  22. Enemy The individual, group of individuals (organized or not organized), paramilitary or militaryforce, national entity, or national alliance that isin oppositionto the United States, its allies, or multinational partners. (FM 101-5-1) IN SHORT: Anadversaryor opponent.

  23. Threat (Potential Adversary) Any specific foreign nation or organization withintentions and military capabilitiesthat suggest it could becomean adversary or challenge the national security interests of the United States or its allies. (AR 350-2, Opposing Force Program)

  24. Opposing Force (OPFOR) • Military and paramilitary forces • Training tool • Challenging and non-cooperative sparring partner • Has strengths and weaknesses • Thinks and acts differently Whatkind of OPFOR is needed to train for COE ?

  25. Cold War OPFOR . An organized force created by and from U.S. Army units to portray a unit of a potential adversary armed force. AR 350-2 (1976)

  26. Cold War Army Today’s Army • Mission Focused on Soviet-Bloc Threat: • Soviet Union • Warsaw Pact • North Korea • Cuba • Forward-Deployed Forces Overseas • But We Fought Elsewhere How the World has Evolved… • Many Possible Threats • CONUS-Based Forces • Capability to Move Our Forces • Broad Range of Missions Worldwide • Mobile and Lethal Forces The Army of 2020 and Beyond ??? ??? Afghanistan Bosnia Desert Storm ??? Grenada Haiti Kosovo Iraq Panama Somalia

  27. Contemporary Opposing Force . A plausible, flexible military and/or paramilitary force representing a composite of varying capabilities of actual worldwide forces, used in lieu of a specific threat force, for training and developing U.S. forces.

  28. Contemporary Threats & Actors Who are the actors (participants)? • Nation-states (countries) • Non-state actors

  29. Nation-State Actors • Core states • Transition states • Rogue states (hostile) • Failed or failing states (instability) • Countries can switch categories • Multinational alliances and coalitions

  30. Non-State Actors Rogue Actors • Insurgent • Terrorist • Drug-trafficking • Criminal

  31. TRADOC DCSINT Non-State ActorsThird-Party Actors • International humanitarian relief organizations • Refugees/IDPs • Other civilians on the battlefield

  32. Non-State Actors Third-Party ActorsMedia • Information • Objective or biased • On the battlefield • Global information network • Manipulation by other actors • Affect public opinion and national will

  33. Non-State Actors • Third-Party Actors • Transnational Corporations • Help build infrastructure • Promote economic gain • Concern about collateral damage • Armed security forces

  34. Baseline OPFOR Not a peer competitor to the U.S. Dominant in the region Capable of challenging the U.S. in the region Forces designed for regional threats Flexible Thinking Adaptable Initiative Contemporary OPFOR Characteristics

  35. FM 7-100 organization COE premises Critical COE variables OPFOR background Key definitions Contemporary OPFOR characteristics IntroductionSummary

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