Fungi and Its Enviroment

1. Fungi and Its Enviroment By: Tori, Pablo, Amy, and Jessica R.

2. Important Vocab • Hyphae: multi-cellular strands that make up the stem of the mushroom, where the cytoplasm can flow freely • Ascus: sac of sac fungi that contains spores for reproduction • Flagella: strand that helps fungi to swim underwater • Fruiting Body: Spore-producing structure of a fungus that grows above ground • Spores:a minute, typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic to fungi.

3. Fungi- Intro Fungi are in the Domain Eukarya! There are more than 14 types of genus in the Fungi Kingdom, and we will explore four today. Beyond the deep line of dirty mold, what is going on under the mold is actually very interesting...

4. Sac Fungi- Morchella angusticeps • Uni-cellular, Eukaryotic • Cell wall made out of chitin • They get their energy from decomposing dead organisms. They are heterotrophs. • By decomposing, they absorb food from their enviroment, and therfore, that is their niche in the enviroment- to recycle the dead organisms to make food again. They also return nutrients to the soild like, carbon and nitrogen.

5. What’s so special of sac fungi? They all form a sac (ascus) which contains spores for the reproduction!

6. Caution! Fungi Do Not Move... • But like with other fungi, still serve a symbiotic relationship with algae called lichen. The algae feed the fungi through photosynthesis and the fungi provides a place to stay for the algae.

7. Reproduction They produce asexually in favorable conditions using a different kind of spores, called “conidia” (means ‘dust’ because they can travel through air easily). They produce sexually in harsh conditions, because the spores can survive in harsh conditions.

8. Primitive Fungi- Chytridiomycota • The smallest and simplest group of fungi • Mostly aquatic or semi-aquatic environments • Only fungi with flagellated spores • They are decomposers or parasites of animals, plants or protists • Their cell walls are reinforced by chitin • They get food by absorbing it from their environment • The are unicellular

9. Fly agaric- Amanita muscaria • Fly agaric are club fungi. • They are very poisonous • they are a bright red color and have white fuzzy spots on them • Get nutrients by decomposing dead plants and animals • They grow in europe and North America

10. Bread Molds: Penicillium chrysogenum • unicellular • eukaryotic • cell wall(contains a tubulin cytoskeleton)

11. Penicillium chrysogenum • the filamentous* hyphae of the fungus contains conidia • Conidia are oblong structures used for asexual reproduction How does it affect its environment? • Conidia is the cause of allergies *in the form of very long rods, many times longer than wide

12. Penicillium chrysogenum How does it get energy? • heterotrophic Symbiotic Relationships • production of penicillin by Penicillium chrysogenum. This antibiotic compound inhibits the growth of many species of bacteria by interfering with the normal formation of peptidoglycan* in the cell wall. *polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria, forming the cell wall.

13. Penicillium chrysogenum How does it respond to its environment? • extremely common on damp building materials, walls and wallpaper, floor, carpet mattress and upholstered furniture dust

14. Penicillium chrysogenum How does it reproduce? The asexual spores (conidia) are released into the environment in a process called germination. This might happen when the wind blows or an animal comes by. After germination, the dispersed haploid spores reform into conidia through mitosis and continue the cycle.

15. Penicillium chrysogenum Penicillium is used to make the antibiotic Penicillin. This drug is used to cure bacterial infections from diseases spread by insects and animals and also sexually transmitted diseases.

16. Club Fungi - Basidiomycota • named “club fungi” because their fruiting bodies are club-shaped • includes mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts

17. Amanita phalloides - commonly known as death cap • multicellular and eukaryotic • belongs to the phylum Basidiomycota (club fungi) • is heterotrophic • function • serves as a decomposer, grows near trees • is highly toxic, lots of people that go camping see it and assume it’s a portobello mushroom or something and they end up eating it

18. death cap (cont.) structure • the cap portion is made of hyphae • the hyphae comes together to form mycelium • deathcaps are mycorrhizal fungi, the mycelium tethers to tree roots → The death cap gets its energy this way. the mycelia that wraps around the tree roots allows the death cap to give the tree nutrients it initially lacks. In return, the mushroom is able to get nutrients from the tree. Because the death cap helps trees grow, it indirectly helps us as well. ⇒ its poison also serves as a defense. However, because it resembles many different mushroom that are safe to eat, people/ animals still end up consuming them

19. death cap (cont.) Reproduction → death caps are part of the basidiomycota phylum • basidiomycota have club-like structures, known as basidia, that produce spores during sexual reproduction • nuclei in the basidia form diploid zygotes • the zygotes go through meiosis and form haploid spores • the spores drop out from the gills and are spread (by weather, • other organisms, etc.) • when the spores land, they develop haploid hyphae • some cells in the mycelium may fuse with another, forming a • diploid mycelium • rain or temperature change may cause the fruiting bodies to grow ⇒ its life cycle is typically between july and november

20. Summary All Fungi are the decomposers of the environment. They all have the same niche in the environment in order to produce the natural recycling of food and energy. This characteristic of fungi make it unique of all the other kingdoms. • They are ukaryotic organisms that include yeast, molds and mushrooms • They have cell walls that contain chitin • All fungi are decomposers • Fungi grows in a wide range of environments from the desert to the deep sea. • Fungi absorb their food from their environment • Depending on the type of fungi they can reproduce asexually or sexually • Fungi are immobile • The themes for fungi are Club, Sac, Primitive, and bread mold fungi

21. Explanation of Themes All types of fungi are heterotrophs , meaning they get their energy from the sun. They all have cell walls as well. And as described before, they are all decomposers of the circle of life!

22. Works Cited • Fairfax County Public Schools. (2006). Death Cap. Retrieved from http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/death_cap.htm • No author. (2011). Amanita Phalloides. Retrieved from http://www.first-nature.com/fungi/amanita-phalloides.php • Nowicki, Stephen. (2008). Biology. Evanston, Illinois: McDougal Littel. • Stevens, Fred. (2006). Death Cap Mushroom. [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/death_cap.htm • Stevens, Fred. (2006). Death Cap. [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/death_cap.htm • Google Sites. (2010). Cap Fungus. [photograph]. Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/botany317/session-2/eukaryotes/unikonts/s2-fungi/basidiomycota • No author. (2005). Symbiosis. Retrieved from http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/symbiosis.html • Biology online. (2010). Definition. Retrieved from http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Filamentous • Microbe Wiki. (2007). Penicillium. REtrieved from https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Penicillium_chrysogenum • Kung’U, Jackson, (2012). Penicillium. Retrieved from http://www.moldbacteria.com/mold/penicillium.html • The Science Man's Blog (: Mold)http://sciencemanblog.blogspot.com/2011/08/mold.html • Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) (Fly agaric videos, photos and facts)http://www.arkive.org/fly-agaric/amanita-muscaria/#image-A9874.html • http://faculty.college-prep.org/~bernie/sciproject/project/Kingdoms/Fungi%207/fungi%20website/evoltuion.html • Morchella angusticeps (MushroomExpert.Com) (Morchella angusticeps (MushroomExpert.Com))http://www.mushroomexpert.com/morchella_angusticeps.html • (Wikipedia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morchella#False_morels • Toronto Wildlife - Sac Fungi (Toronto Wildlife - Sac Fungi)http://toronto-wildlife.com/Fungi/Mushrooms/ascomycota/mushrooms_ascomycota.html • How do mushrooms get there energy? (WikiAnswers)http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_do_mushrooms_get_there_energy#slide=2&article=How_do_mushrooms_get_there • https://www.google.com/search?q=morel+mushrooms&rls=com.microsoft:en-us • lichen - Google Search (lichen - Google Search) • https://www.google.com/search?q=lichen&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-Address&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=MyNQU_-iLcfLsASG6ICgDg&ved=0CAgQ_AUoA&biw=1280&bih=908#q=lichen+diagram&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-Address&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=iskdqSt4s_AO6M%253A%3BF-NA1monDZkxiM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.saburchill.com%252Fans02%252Fimages%252F180807034.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.saburchill.com%252Fans02%252Fchapters%252Fchap010.html%3B568%3B299 • Unknown photographer. (2009). Sauteed Morel Mushrooms. [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.applepiepatispate.com/appetizer/morel-mushrooms-fava-beans/

23. works cited Fairfax County Public Schools. (2006). Death Cap. Retrieved from http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/death_cap.htm No author. (2011). Amanita Phalloides. Retrieved from http://www.first-nature.com/fungi/amanita-phalloides.php Nowicki, Stephen. (2008). Biology. Evanston, Illinois: McDougal Littel. Stevens, Fred. (2006). Death Cap Mushroom. [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/death_cap.htm Stevens, Fred. (2006). Death Cap. [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/death_cap.htm Google Sites. (2010). Cap Fungus. [photograph]. Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/site/botany317/session-2/eukaryotes/unikonts/s2-fungi/basidiomycota