4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

1. 4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system

2. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system 4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • What are the functions of the endocrine system? • What are some disorders of the endocrine system? • How do you relate the body’s hormones to the endocrine system?

3. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Glands -Any organ that produces a secretion Target Organ/Cells Structure on which the hormone acts Hormones Chemicals that move throughout the body, coordinating complex functions and influencing function

4. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Hormone Control Nervous System How does it effect the endocrine system? -controls glands stimulated by nervous stimuli ex: adrenalin in the sympathetic nervous system

5. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Hormone Control What is negative feedback? occurs when there is a drop in the level of a hormone triggers a chain reaction of responses to increase hormones in the blood

6. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Adrenal cortex Corticoids: -Controls electrolyte balances through regulation of sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion

7. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Adrenal cortex Androgens: Governs sex characteristics in males

8. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Adrenal medulla Epinephrine: -increases HR, BP, and flow of blood; decreases intestinal activity Norepinephrine: -increases attention and focus, enhances formation and retrieval of memory, opens airway

9. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Gonads Ovaries (female) Estrogen: Promotes growth of primary and secondary sex characteristics Progesterone: Develops excretory portion of mammary glands; aids in maintaining pregnancy

10. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Gonads Testes (male) Testosterone: -responsible for the development of male sex characteristics

11. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Parathyroid Glands Parathormone -Increases amount of calcium in the blood; decreases amount of calcium released by the kidneys

12. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) Insulin • Essential to metabolism of carbohydrates; reduces blood glucose levels

13. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary Gland (Master Gland) Two Lobes (Anterior and Posterior)

14. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary gland (Anterior Lobe) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -stimulates the production and release of cortisol, which is responsible for processing fat and glucose and managing stress levels

15. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary gland (Anterior Lobe) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -stimulates the ovaries to grow 1+ follicles and ripen the egg within them

16. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary gland (Anterior Lobe) Growth hormone -encourages growth in children-regulates body comp., body fluids, and muscle/bone growth Luteinizing hormone (LH) -stimulates ovulation in females-stimulates testosterone production in males

17. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary gland (Anterior Lobe) Prolactin -stimulates production of breast milk in pregnant women Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -Stimulates the production of triiodothyronine and thyroxin (which help with the body’s metabolism)

18. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary gland (Posterior Lobe) Vasopressin -Functions similar to ADH (prevents water loss) Oxytocin -chemical messenger controlling key aspects of the reproductive system (childbirth, lactation, ect.)

19. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Thymus Gland T-lymphocyte production -type of WBC What do they do? -plays an integral role in cell-mediated immunity

20. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Thyroid Gland Thyroxine -Increases metabolic rate Calcitonin -Reduces concentration of blood calcium

21. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

22. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Adrenal Cortex Addison's disease hypofunction / corticord hormones s/s: Bronzing of skin, hypoglycemia, hypotension Treatment: Replace deficient hormones

23. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Before Adrenal Cortex Cushing's Syndrome hypersecreting/corticord hormones due to tumor/prolonged use of steroids High blood pressure, muscle weakness, obesity, poor healing, tendency to bruise, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), menstrual disorders. Rounded moon face and buffalo hump Surgical removal of tumor After

24. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AdrenalGlands Steroid Abuse in Sports What are the risks? Males: testicular atrophy, decreased sperm production, infertility, baldness, increased aggression, gynecomastia Females: (due to increased testosterone deeper voice, changes in menstrual cycle, increased hair production

25. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AdrenalGlands Steroid Abuse in Sports What are the risks? Acne, liver damage, liver cancer, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, palpitations, high blood pressure, heart attack, stroke, depression, “roid rage”, suicide

26. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pancreas Diabetes Mellitus What is the normal blood sugar range? 70-100mg/dL s/s: polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, fatigue, weakness, blurred vision, irritability, enuresis

27. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pancreas Diabetes Mellitus (Type I) How is it treated? regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, supplement insulin PRN What age group is most commonly effected? children (4-7, 10-14)

28. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pancreas Diabetes Type II Type I: Body doesn’t produce (or doesn’t produce enough) insulin Type II: Insulin resistance Tx: medication, diet changes, regular exercise, decreasing BP and cholesterol levels Complications: diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy, kidney disease, heart diease, hearing impairments, alzheimer’s, skin conditions,

29. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary Gland Acromegaly Pituitary gland hyperfunction / Growth hormone overproduction s/s: Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and feet. It attacks the cartilage of the chin protrudes, lips, nose and extremities enlarge Tx: Drugs to inhibit growth hormone and radiation

30. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary Gland Growth Hormone Deficiency (childhood) s/s: shorter than most of similar age, appear younger, late onset of puberty Tx: growth hormone injections

31. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary Gland Gigantism What causes gigantism? -excessive release of GH, likely due to a tumor s/s: delayed puberty, diplopia, unusually prominent forehead, headache, increased sweating, irregular menstruation, large hands/feet with thick fingers/toes, sleep problems How is it treated?

32. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary Gland Gigantism How is it treated? -surgery -medications to block GH

33. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Thyroid Gland Hyperthyroidism Oversecretion of thyroxine s/s: sudden weight loss, tachycardia, arrhythmia, increased appetite, nervousness, irritability, tremor, sweating, fatigue, sensitivity to heat, difficulty sleeping, exophthalmic eyes Tx: radioactive iodine, antithyroid medication, surgery,

34. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Thyroid Gland Hypothyroidism Thyroid doesn’t produce enough of certain hormones s/s: fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, dry skin, weight gain, puffy face, hoarseness, muscle weakness, depression, impaired memory How is it treated?-oral hormone replacement -can be prevented by using iodized salt

35. 4.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the endocrine system 4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • What are the functions of the endocrine system? • What are some disorders of the endocrine system? • How do you relate the body’s hormones to the endocrine system?