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Understanding DNA and Protein Synthesis: A Comprehensive Guide

Dive into the fascinating world of genetics with our in-depth materials on DNA structure and protein synthesis. Explore the different nucleotide components, the double helix formation, and key processes like DNA replication and transcription. Learn how mutations can affect genetic information, and how proteins are synthesized from genes. This guide includes interactive notes, lab checklists, and engaging activities to reinforce your understanding. Perfect for students and anyone interested in the molecular basis of life!

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Understanding DNA and Protein Synthesis: A Comprehensive Guide

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  1. Happy Valentine’s Day!

  2. DNA Notebook Check 2/14 • 70. Cell Energy Notebook Check • 71. DNA Structure • 72. DNA Notes • 73. RNA • 74. From Genes to Proteins • 75. Protein Synthesis Practice • 76. Protein Synthesis Lab • 77 (a & b). Mutations • 78 (a & b & maybe c). DNA EOC Practice • 79. DNA Notebook Check • 80. Genetics Unit Cover – title & 5 colorful pictures

  3. DNA Structure #71 Part c • Nucleotides • Phosphate, Deoxyribose (sugar), nitrogen base • a.Purines, 2 ring b. Pyrimidines, 1 ring • Sugar, Phosphate • Helical, double-sided structure • Double, helix (twisted ladder) • a. Adenine – Thymine b. Cytosine – Guanine • Only certain bases can match up • Hydrogen bonds • AGC TCA GTT TCA GGG TCG AGT CAA AGT CCC

  4. DNA Notes #72 DNA holds the recipe for making…proteins!!! • Why important??? Proteins = workforce of your body, make your body parts (traits)

  5. DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid • Found in nucleus of cell • Made of nucleotides • 3 parts of nucleotides = 1) deoxyribose 2) phosphate 3) nitrogen base • 4 nitrogen bases (must be paired correctly) • Adenine & Thymine • Cytosine and Guanine All Tigers Can Growl

  6. Nucleotides are joined together to make a single chain • Two chains connect to make the ladder • Sides of ladder = backbone of DNA = deoxyribose & phosphate • Steps of ladder = complementary bases (held together by hydrogen bonds) • Base pairing important (all tigers can growl) • Watson and Crick – discovered that DNA is arranged in a double helix (twisted ladder) The Sound of DNA

  7. DNA can copy itself = REPLICATION • Enzymes help to unwind the 2 strands • Base pairs separate • Free nucleotides attach to single strands of DNA (base pairing!) • This makes new DNA molecule • DNA duplication is important for cell division (mitosis & meiosis)

  8. DNA 3D Model Questions • What are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA? • Cytosine always pairs with what? • Adenine always pairs with what? • What does double helix mean? • What is the backbone of the DNA? • Where are the bases on your model? • What holds the bases one each strand together ?

  9. We Love DNA (to the tune of “Row, Row, Row Your Boat”)We love DNAMade of nucleotides.Sugar, phosphate and a baseBonded down one side.Adenine and thymineMake a lovely pair.Cytosine without guanineWould feel very bare.

  10. Introducing RNA… #73 • 3 types of RNA (and what they do) • How is RNA different from DNA (3)? • Transcription? • Translation? • DNA = GACAAGTCCACAATC • Write in mRNA? • Amino Acids that correspond?

  11. From genes to proteins #74 PROTEINS • Review: • Builders of body parts? • How do they know what traits to “build?” • Building blocks of proteins = • There are ______ naturally occurring amino acids • What builds proteins = Coded in dna bases Amino acids 20 ribosomes

  12. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1) DNAReplicationwill occur. 2) Transcription • an enzyme (RNA polymerase) translates the language of original DNA strand & turns it into the language of RNA by: • copying the code from DNA - base pairing (all unicorns can growl/gallop) • TCA CCA • AGU GGU This new molecule is called mRNA Codon 1 Codon 2

  13. 3) mRNA leaves the nucleus and finds a ribosome in the cytoplasm Builds proteins by linking together amino acids

  14. 4) mRNA turns into tRNA

  15. Ribosomes jump from codon to codon on the mRNA and translate it into tRNAanticodons. • Certain codons start this process and stop it. • AGU GGU • UCA CCA TRANSLATION

  16. Each tRNAanticodonspecifically represents and carries an amino acid to the ribosome. • tRNA begins building a protein by linking amino acids • Polypeptide chain = protein • The making of a protein is called… Protein synthesis

  17. DNA Replication Translation (protein synthesis) Ribosome mrna originalDNA protein Protein Synthesis Transcription (DNA to RNA)

  18. tRNA molecule carries amino acid for each codon C A U

  19. mRNACodon Wheel • Page 303 in textbook • GGG = • AAG = • CAU = • Protein = Glycine Lysine HISTIDINE Peptide bond Amino acid Glycine – lysinE - HISTIDINE

  20. Mutations #77a – use note sheet • Mutations = mistakes in DNA replication; changes in genetic material • Gene mutations = changes single gene/few nucleotides in DNA • define point mutations vs. frameshift mutations • Chromosomal mutations = produce changes in whole chromosomes (# or structure) • affect multiple genes • see #77b assignment • Nucleus • Pairs • Histones • Chromatin • Chromosomes • Sister Chromatid • Centromere • 46 • Pairs • Varies widely • Gender • XX = girl and XY = boy

  21. #78 continued 14. A segment of a DNA strand has the following bases: TAC GAT. What is the complementary strand of DNA? a. UAG CAU b. TAG CAT c. ATG CTA d. AUG CUA 15. Which relationship is most similar to this relationship….tRNA : ribosome? a. book : publisher c. key : lock b. truck : factory d. baker : pie 16. Before a cell goes through either mitosis or meiosis, which process must be carried out by the DNA in the nucleus? a. replication c. transcription b. nondisjunction d. translation Complete #s 1, 2, 5, 7 – 12 on page 317 in the textbook.

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