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CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY. w/ Dr. Doolin. An atom is the smallest piece that is still considered a particular element. Atoms (elements) are made of electrons, protons and neutrons. The number of protons determines the type of element. The electrons determine how elements combine to form molecules.

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CHEMISTRY

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  1. CHEMISTRY w/ Dr. Doolin

  2. An atom is the smallest piece that is still considered a particular element

  3. Atoms (elements) are made of electrons, protons and neutrons

  4. The number of protons determines the type of element

  5. The electrons determine how elements combine to form molecules NOTE: Each level only allows a set # of e-

  6. Electrons are found in levels (or shells) around the nucleus 1. The inner level wants 2 e- to be happy 2. The second level wants 8 e- to be happy

  7. A molecule is two or more atoms chemically bound together (aka “compound”) [“bound” by shared e-] A mixture has two or more components that can be physically separated

  8. THERE ARE THREE GOOD WAYS TO CLASSIFY MOLECULES A. Charge B. pH C. Organic / Inorganic

  9. A. charge 1. Polar: an atom or molecule with a positive or negative charge (water) 2. Nonpolar: an atom or molecule with no net charge (fat)

  10. b. Cell membranes are non-polar and therefore hate polar a. Charge is VERY IMPORTANT to molecules trying to get into cells!

  11. c. ion: a single atom with a charge (+ or -) Examples: Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+

  12. B. pH

  13. pH refers to the amount of hydrogen (H+) ions in a solution H2O = H+ + OH-

  14. tends to attack other molecules (Like molecules in meat) 1. Acid: H+ is high “acidic” Organ?

  15. 2. Basic: very few H+ in solution (OH-) tends to steal H+ from other molecules Also “alkaline” Let’s make a scale to compare pH

  16. pH scale The range is 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral liquids in your body range from basic to acidic

  17. NOTE: A higherpH number means a lowernumber of H+ in solution (basic) The opposite is also true,a lower pH means more H+ (acidic)

  18. C. A third way to classify molecules… • Inorganic: a molecule which does NOT contain the element carbon • Organic: a molecule containing the element carbon

  19. Now we know about… • pH • Charge • Organic / Inorganic But what kinds of molecules are we talking about?

  20. The organic molecules we discuss will mostly be constructed from three elements 1. Carbon (C)

  21. 2. Hydrogen (H)

  22. 3. oxygen

  23. To make YOU…C, O & H are combined to form…. I. CARBOHYDRATES II. LIPIDS III. PROTEINS IV. NUCLEOTIDES

  24. I. CARBOHYDRATES[C,O,H] A. Also called saccharides Or sugar

  25. 1. monosaccharide: a single sugar molecule If you break one, you’ll have a collection of elements a. glucose: the bodies favorite monosaccharide

  26. 2. disaccharide: two sugar molecules bound together

  27. a. Glycogen: a type of energy storage in the liver (NOT “FAT”) 3. polysaccharides: several sugar molecules bound together Name a disease associated with bad glycogen production

  28. II. LIPIDS[C,O,H] A. Fatty acids B. Cholesterol

  29. A. Fatty acids If each C is bound to 2 or more H+, then the molecule is “saturated” with hydrogen. 1. “Saturated fatty acid” When H+ are missing (and C forms double bonds) the molecule is called an… 2. “unsaturated fatty acid”

  30. 3. Triglycerides three fatty acids bound together storage

  31. 4. Phospholipids Two fatty acids bound together

  32. a. Phospholipids form the cell membranes of all your cells

  33. B. Cholesterol: a building block of fat 1. Steroids (a type of hormone)

  34. 2. HDL: good molecule that removes excess cholesterol 3. LDL: “bad” molecule that transports cholesterol for storage

  35. III. Protein[C,O,H,N] A. how many? B. essentials C. examples

  36. each contains at least one nitrogen A. 20 amino acids (building blocks) Like an alphabet that spells out specific proteins

  37. B. 11 of the 20 are made by almost every cell The other 9 are essential… (you can’t make them)

  38. C. Examples: enzymes, some hormones, muscles, membrane channels

  39. IV. NUCLEOTIDES A. how many? B. forms what? C. the special “A”

  40. A. Five molecules “THAT SPELL YOU”: A, T G, C U A always binds T C always binds G

  41. B. Combined to form DNA (ATGC) or RNA (AUGC)

  42. C. “A”(adenine) is the core of ATP AMP ADP ATP NOTE: food is used to reset ATP by… mitochondria

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