Internet Infrastructure: Switches and Routers Mounir Hamdi

1. Internet Infrastructure: Switches and Routers Mounir Hamdi Head & Professor, Computer Science and Engineering Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

2. Goals of the Course • Understand the architecture, operation, and evolution of the Internet • IP, ATM, Optical, Openflow • Understand how to design, implement and evaluate Internet routers and switches (Telecom Equipment) • Understand the implementation of network services (e.g., QoS) on switches and routers • Introduction to Network-on-Chip (NoC), Communication Performance, Organizational Structure, Interconnection Topologies, Trade-offs in Network Topology, and Routing • Evaluate various Internet access methods (including wireless) • Build solid learning skills for investigating a good project • Task selection and aim • Survey & conclusion & research methodology • Presentation

3. Outline of the Course • The focus of the course is on the design and analysis of high-performance electronic/optical switches/routers needed to support the development and delivery of advanced network services over high-speed Internet. • The switches and routers are the KEY building blocks of the Internet, and as a result, the capability of the Internet in all its aspects depends on the capability of its switches and routers (hardware and software). • The goal of the course is to provide a basis for understanding, appreciating, and performing research/survey and development in networking with a special emphasis on switches and routers.

4. Outline of the Course • Introduction • Evolution of the Internet (Architecture, Protocols and Applications) • Evolution of packet switches and routers, basic architectural components, and some example architectures • Network Processors and Packet Processing (IPv4 and IPv6) • Architecture and operation of “optical” circuit-switched switches/routers

5. Outline of the Course • High-Performance Packet Switches/Routers • Architectures of packet switches/routers (IQ, OQ, VOQ, CIOQ, SM, Buffered Crossbars) • Design and analysis of switch fabrics (Crossbar, Clos, shared memory, etc.) • Design and analysis of scheduling algorithms (arbitration, shared memory contention, etc.) • Emulation of output-queueing switches by more practical switches • State-of-the-art commercial products

6. Outline of the Course • Network-on-chip (NoC) Design and Applications • Introduction to NoC • Communication Performance, Organizational Structure, Interconnection Topologies, Trade-offs in Network Topology, and Routing • Applications of NoC in network Equipment • Future trends of this paradigm

7. Outline of the Course • Quality-of-Service Provision in the Internet • Internet Congestion Control • QoS paradigms (IntServ, DiffServ, Controlled load, etc.) • Flow-based QoS frameworks: Hardware and software solutions • Stateless QoS frameworks: RED, WRED, congestion control, and Active queue management • MPLS/GMPLS • Openflow • State-of-the-art commercial products

8. Outline of the Course • Optical Networks • Optical technology used for the design of switches/routers as well as transmission links • Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing • Optical Circuit Switches: Architectural alternatives and performance evaluation • Optical Burst switches • Optical Packet Switches • Design, management, and operation of DWDM networks • State-of-the-art commercial products

9. Outline of the Course • Internet Wireless Access • WLANs and 802.11 • WiMAX and 802.16 • Cellular mobile networks • Performance Evaluation • Simulations • Modeling

10. Grading • Homework 20% • Midterm 40% • Project 40%

11. Course project • Investigate and survey existing advances and/or new ideas and solutions – related to Internet Infrastructure - in a small scale project (To be given or chosen on your own) • Define the problem • Execute the survey and/or research • Work with your partner • Write up and present your finding

12. Course Project • I’ll post on the class web page a list of projects • you can either choose one of these projects or come up with your own • Choose your project, partner (s), and submit a one page proposal describing: • The problem you are investigating • Your plan of project with milestones • Final project presentation (20-25 minutes) • Submit project reports

13. Independent Projects • If you want to go deeper in a topic related to Internet Infrastructures (e.g., Wireless, Internet Routers, Optical, QoS, NoC, Applications, etc.), then you might want to opt for an Independent Project • You can come and talk to me

14. Homework • Goals: • Synthesize main ideas and concepts from very important research or development work • I will post in the class web page a list of “well-known/seminal” papers to choose from • Report contains: • Description of the paper • Goals and problems solved in the paper • What did you like/dislike about the paper • How the paper affected the advances in networking (if any) • Recommendations for improvements or extension of the work

15. How to Contact Me • Instructor: Mounir Hamdi, hamdi@cse.ust.hk • TA: Mr. Lin Dong, ldcse@cse.ust.hk • Office Hours • You can come any time – just email me ahead of time • I would like to work closely with each student

16. Overview and History of the Internet

17. What is a Communication Network?(from an end system point of view) • A network offers a service: move information • Messenger, telegraph, telephone, Internet … • another example, transportation service: move objects • horse, train, truck, airplane ... • What distinguishes different types of networks? • The services they provide • What distinguish the services? • latency • bandwidth • loss rate • number of end systems • Reliability, unicast vs. multicast, real-time, message vs. byte ...

18. What is a Communication Network?Infrastructure Centric View • Hardware • Electrons and photons as communication data • Links: fiber, copper, satellite, … • Switches: mechanical/electronic/optical, • Software • Protocols: TCP/IP, ATM, MPLS, SONET, Ethernet, PPP, X.25, Frame Relay, AppleTalk, Openflow, SNA • Functionalities: routing, error control, congestion control, Quality of Service (QoS), … • Applications: FTP, WEB, X windows, VOIP, IPTV...

19. Types of Networks • Geographical distance • Body Area Networks (BAN) • Personal Areas Networks (PAN) • Local Area Networks (LAN): Ethernet, Token ring, FDDI • Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN): DQDB, SMDS (Switched Multi-gigabit Data Service) • Wide Area Networks (WAN): IP, ATM, Frame relay • Information type • data networks vs. telecommunication networks • Application type • special purpose networks: airline reservation network, banking network, credit card network, telephony • general purpose network: Internet

20. Types of Networks • Right to use • private: enterprise networks • public: telephony network, Internet • Ownership of protocols • proprietary: SNA • open: IP • Technologies • terrestrial vs. satellite • wired vs. wireless • Protocols • IP, AppleTalk, SNA

21. The Internet • Global scale, general purpose, heterogeneous-technologies, public, computer network • Internet Protocol • Open standard: Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as standard body • Technical basis for other types of networks • Intranet: enterprise IP network • Developed by the research community

22. 1961: Kleinrock - queueing theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching 1964: Baran – Introduced first Distributed packet-switching Communication networks 1967: ARPAnet conceived and sponsored by Advanced Research Projects Agency – Larry Roberts 1969: First ARPAnet node operational at UCLA. Then Stanford, Utah, and UCSB 1972: ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol (equivalent to TCP/IP) First e-mail program to operate across networks ARPAnet has 15 nodes and connected 26 hosts Internet History 1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles

23. 1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii 1973: Metcalfe’s PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting networks (TCP) late70’s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA late 70’s: switching fixed length packets (ATM precursor) 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking principles: minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes is required to interconnect networks best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control define today’s Internet architecture Internet History 1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets

24. 1971-1973: Arpanet Growing • 1970 - First 2 cross-country link, UCLA-BBN and MIT-Utah, installed by AT&T at 56kbps

25. 1983: deployment of TCP/IP 1982: SMTP e-mail protocol defined 1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation 1985: ftp protocol defined (first version: 1972) 1988: TCP congestion control New national networks: CSnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel 100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks Internet History 1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks

26. Early 1990’s:ARPAnet decomissioned 1991:NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995) early 1990s: WWW hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s] HTML, http: Berners-Lee 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape late 1990’s: commercialization of the WWW Late 1990’s: est. 50 million computers on Internet est. 100 million+ users in 160 countries backbone links running at 1 Gbps+ 2000’s VoIP, Video on demand, IPTV, Internet business RSS, Web 2.0 Social networking Internet History 1990’s: commercialization, the WWW

27. 1999 32.5 Million Hosts 80 Million Users 2009 550 Million Hosts 1733 Million Users Internet - Global Statistics (approx. 2.6 Billion Telephone Terminations, 760 Million PCs and 2.1B mobile phones, as of 2009)

28. Internet Users by World Region

29. Internet Domain Survey Host Count

30. Internet Penetration 2009

31. Top 20: % Internet Use (2009)

32. Languages of Internet Users

33. Who is Who on the Internet ? • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF):The IETF is the protocol engineering and development arm of the Internet. Subdivided into many working groups, which specify Request For Comments or RFCs. • IRTF (Internet Research Task Force):The Internet Research Task Force is composed of a number of focused, long-term and small Research Groups. • Internet Architecture Board (IAB):The IAB is responsible for defining the overall architecture of the Internet, providing guidance and broad direction to the IETF. • The Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG):The IESG is responsible for technical management of IETF activities and the Internet standards process. Composed of the Area Directors of the IETF working groups.

34. Internet Standardization Process • All standards of the Internet are published as RFC (Request for Comments). But not all RFCs are Internet Standards ! • available: http://www.ietf.org • A typical (but not only) way of standardization is: • Internet Drafts • RFC • Proposed Standard • Draft Standard (requires 2 working implementation) • Internet Standard (declared by IAB) • David Clark, MIT, 1992: "We reject: kings, presidents, and voting. We believe in: rough consensus and running code.”

35. Services Provided by the Internet • Shared access to computing resources • telnet (1970’s) • Shared access to data/files • FTP, NFS, AFS (1980’s) • Communication medium over which people interact • email (1980’s), on-line chat rooms, instant messaging (1990’s) • audio, video (1990’s) • replacing telephone network? • A medium for information dissemination • USENET (1980’s) • WWW (1990’s) • replacing newspaper, magazine? • audio, video (1990’s) • replacing radio, CD, TV?

36. Today’s Vision • Everything is digital: voice, video, music, pictures, live events, … • Everything is on-line: bank statement, medical record, books, airline schedule, weather, highway traffic, … • Everyone is connected: doctor, teacher, broker, mother, son, friends, enemies, voter • Small example: The power of the iPhone – 10000s of applications

37. What is Next? – many of it already here • Electronic commerce • virtual enterprise • Internet entertainment • interactive sitcom • World as a small village • community organized according to interests • enhanced understanding among diverse groups • Electronic democracy • little people can voice their opinions to the whole world • little people can coordinate their actions • bridge the gap between information haves and have no’s • Electronic Crimes • hacker can bring the whole world to its knee • The Internet of THINGS

38. Industrial Players • Telephone companies • own long-haul and access communication links, customers • Cable companies • own access links • Wireless/Satellite companies • alternative communication links • Utility companies: power, water, railway • own right of way to lay down more wires • Medium companies • own content • Internet Service Providers • Equipment companies • switches/routers, chips, optics, computers • Software companies

39. What is the Internet? • The collection of hosts and routers that are mutually reachable at any given instant • All run the Internet Protocol (IP) • Version 4 (IPv4) is the dominant protocol • Version 6 (IPv6) is the future protocol • Lots of protocols below and above IP, but only one IP • Common layer

40. local ISP local ISP regional ISP NBP B NBP A regional ISP NAP NAP Commercial Internet after 1994 • Roughly hierarchical • National/international backbone providers (NBPs) • e.g., Sprint, AT&T, UUNet • interconnect (peer) with each other privately, or at public Network Access Point (NAPs) • regional ISPs • connect into NBPs • local ISP, company • connect into regional ISPs

41. ISP ISP NAP BSP NAP BSP NAP BSP POP POP POP POP POP POP POP ISP CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN Internet Organization ISP = Internet Service Provider BSP = Backbone Service Provider NAP = Network Access Point POP = Point of Presence CN = Customer Network

42. Commercial Internet after 1994 Joe's Company Berkeley Stanford Regional ISP Campus Network Bartnet Xerox Parc SprintNet America On Line UUnet NSF Network IBM NSF Network Modem Internet MCI IBM

43. Topology of CERNET

44. The Role of Hong Kong Internet Exchange Global Internet HK ISP-B HK ISP-A HKIX Downstream Customers Downstream Customers

46. Internet Internet Internet HKIX Infrastructure ISP 2 ISP 3 ISP 1 HKIX - AS4635 HKIX2 HKIX1 2 x 10Gbps links ISP 5 ISP 6 ISP 4 Internet Internet Internet

48. Internet2 STARTAP PCCW Data Centre HKU CUHK PolyU 45M IPLC 45M/90M 24M/48M 54M/108M 6M/12M 8  54M/108M 5M/10M 54M/108M 6M/12M Commodity Internet PCCW ATM NETWORK 54M/108M 6M/12M 96M IP CityU 2  50M/100M EQUANT INTERNET BACKBONE 22M/44M 11M/22M HKIX 10M/20M 35M/70M 25M/50M 24M/48M 6M/12M 24M/48M 6M/12M HKBU CERNET/ TANET 2 M 10M Equant Data Centre HKUST HKIEd LU HARNET/Internet

49. Internet Architecture

50. Basic Architecture: NAPs and National ISPs • The Internet has a hierarchical structure. • At the highest level are largenationalInternet Service Providers that interconnect through Network Access Points (NAPs). • There are about a dozen NAPs in the U.S., run by common carriers such as Sprint and Ameritech, and many more around the world (Many of these are traditional telephone companies, others are pure data network companies).