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Unit for Satellite Accounts National Accounts Department Statistics Portugal

Unit for Satellite Accounts National Accounts Department Statistics Portugal. «. Social Accounting Matrix- Portugal. Geneva, Switzerland 6-7-8 October 2008. «. «. Contents:. General overview of a SAM (NAM) Labour-oriented SAM (expansion of a NAM) Portuguese SAM (NAM)

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Unit for Satellite Accounts National Accounts Department Statistics Portugal

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  1. Unit for Satellite Accounts National Accounts Department Statistics Portugal « Social Accounting Matrix- Portugal Geneva, Switzerland 6-7-8 October 2008 «

  2. « Contents: • General overview of a SAM (NAM) • Labour-oriented SAM (expansion of a NAM) • Portuguese SAM (NAM) • Main uses of a SAM (some results) «

  3. General overview • Purpose: provide an overview of a SAM labour-oriented and to show the possible types of indicators that can be derived. • A Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) consists in a framework that integrates National Accounts and Social Statistics in a coherent, complete and consistent way. It also shows the circular flow of income within the economy: • the goods and services account; • the production account; • the generation of income account; • the primary and secondary distribution account; • the use of income account; • the capital account; • The financial account; and • The rest of the world account.

  4. General overview • Types of SAM: • Environment-oriented; • Labour-oriented; • Investment oriented; • : • : • also combinations. • The SAM that will be dealt with is labour-oriented one and its compilation is described in the Handbook on SAM’s. Statistics Portugal compiles SAM’s labour-oriented on a mandatory way.

  5. General overview Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) National Accounts Labour Accounts National Accounting Matrix (NAM)

  6. The matrix format, in a NAM and a SAM has the advantage of (I): Provide a general overview of the economy -all the tables are in the same format (a single entry describes simultaneously a use and a resource). Possibility to expand cells to distinguish sub-accounts according to the purpose of analysis and also to aggregate or subdivide groups of units in a NAM; General overview

  7. The matrix format, in a NAM and a SAM has the advantage of (II): At a meso-level shows interrelations among various different economic flows: from whom to whom - in each sub-matrix it is possible to identify the paying/receiving unitsto aggregate or subdivide groups of units in a NAM. In these matrices not only it is possible to know the totals receivable/payable but also who’s paying to whom and who’s receiving from whom; General overview

  8. The matrix format, in a NAM and a SAM has the advantage of (III): Possible to use different classifications from cell to cell and different levels of aggregation for each account. Possibility of creating and introducing dummy accounts whenever data to breakdown a given transaction are not available. These dummy accounts show in the row the total paid by each sector and in the column the total received by each sector; General overview

  9. SAM’s can be compiled in one of two ways (I): On a bottom-up approach: compilation results from the aggregation of micro data. Using National Accounts in a matrix format and the monetary data of labour accounts related to the type of labour are integrated in the SAM. If labour accounts are not available it is necessary to compile labour data for SAM. Physical data are also available in the same detail. General overview

  10. SAM’s can be compiled in one of two ways (II): On a top-down approach: compilation results from the breakdown of the macro data in order to fill in the SAM requirements. The Portuguese SAM is compiled on a top-down approach, by 17 industries, where employment of the National Accounts is broken-down by gender and education level and households are split into households group according to the main source of income. General overview

  11. The compilation of a NAM (National Accounting Matrix) requires a supply-use table and institutional sector accounts. For completeness reasons it is useful to have for each account within the NAM, tables sector by sector, for each transaction in addition to the supply and uses table. General overview

  12. Table sector by sector From “whom to whom”

  13. Labour-oriented SAM, expansion of a NAM • ANAM represents the entire economy, the complete sequence of economic accounts but is limited by to its scope and doesn’t show all the dimensions. • A SAM provides extra-dimensionsto the NAM, according to the purpose of analysis: • Extra-dimensions result from the breakdowns of the sub- matrices of the NAM, detailing the actors or the nature of some monetary flows; • Portuguese SAM Labour-oriented SAM Purpose: capture different kind of labour and its relationship with income distribution and use. Focus: remunerations of labour as input factor in the process of production: Compensations of employeesandMixed Income.

  14. Labour-oriented SAM, expansion of a NAM • Possible dimensions of a Labour-oriented SAM: • Type of labour: • status in employment: employee or self-employed; • gender; • educational level; • age group; • categories of professions, … • Households groups - as labour suppliers and income receivers • main source of income; • dimension of the household; • income class, …. These dimensions provide information on the kind of labour: • its contribution to the generation of Value Added in each industry. • its relation with the income distribution and use.

  15. Labour-oriented SAM, expansion of a NAM • The economic accounts integrating Employment: • Generation of Income Account: Labour demand • Shows how primary income is generated as the result of the participation in the process of production. • includes: • Compensations of employees and Mixed Income, by type of labour • Allocation of primary Income Account: Labour supplyshows how income is distributed according to the ownership of assets (financials and tangible non-produced assets) are made available for production. • includes: Compensations of Employees and Mixed Income by: • Type of labour • Households group

  16. Labour-oriented SAM, expansion of a NAM Contribution of employment by industry in the NAM

  17. … and in a SAM

  18. Labour oriented SAM, expansion of a NAM Compensations of employees of Households for providing labour to the economy, in a NAM …

  19. … in a SAM

  20. Portuguese SAM Classifications in the pilot-SAM: NAM/SAM (ESA95 transactions) • Input labour: • status: • employees • self-employed • gender • educational level • lower (ISCED 1-2) • medium (ISCED 3-4) • higher (ISCED 5-6) • Households: • Wages and salaries (S143) • Mixed income including property income (S141+S142; S1441) • Income with connection with old age (S1442) • Other transfers income (including other households) (S1443 and S145) • Industries: a minimum of 6 industries according to NACE • Products: a minimum of 6 products according to CPA. • Institutional sectors: according to ESA95. A minimum of 3 sectors (corporations; general government and households including NPISH). • Financial transactions

  21. Portuguese SAM -Demand side of the labour market • Estimation of compensations of employees-demand side • In the generation of income account, compensations are broken-down by type of labour, by gender and education level. Compensations of employees are estimated with the same procedures used in the National Accounts and respective data sources. • Also Labour input (persons, jobs) is broken-down by type of labour. • Data sources Administrative data source “Quadros de Pessoal” - structures • Ministry of Labour and Social Security • Every enterprise with at least on employed person answers it • Labour Force Survey (LFS) - structures • National Accounts - totals

  22. Portuguese SAM-Demand side of the labour market Methodology - Part 1 1st Step: Values of earnings by gender, level of education and activity branch from Quadros de Pessoal. (matrix W*) 2nd Step:Values were adjusted in order to incorporate theemployer's actual and imputed social contributions. Wijg = Wijl * x (1+ tisc+ tasc), i refers to the type of labour and j to the branch

  23. Portuguese SAM-Demand side of the labour market Each estimate was also adjusted to an annual scale: Wijga = 14 * Wijg 3rd step: Determination of the matrix of hours worked in each branch, by gender and education level, available by the same source Quadros de Pessoal. This matrix, with the general element Hij, was also scaled to an annual basis. 4th step: Determination of the average hourly earnings: cij = (Wij / Hij) 5th step: Determination of the relevant matrix of hours worked using the data from Labour Force Survey: hijw

  24. Portuguese SAM-Demand side of the labour market First estimates of compensations =Average hourly earnings x Actual hours worked Matrix C cij = cij x hijw • Methodology - Part 2 • Reconciliation with NA datathrough the RAS method, • taking into account two constraints: • NA figures of compensations by industry • Weights of each kind of labour in the total compensations obtained from the matrix C of the first estimates. For Mixed Income, the same data sources and methodology was adopted. It was admitted that the hourly earnings of self-employed were the same as those of the employees.

  25. Portuguese SAM-Supply side of the labour market • Estimation of compensation • Compensations were previously broken-down by type of labour. For the allocation of the primary income account, compensations and mixed income are further broken-down by type of recipient householdgroup according to the main source of income. • Compensations are estimated through the use of the National Accounts procedures and respective data sources. • Data sources: • Household Budget Survey (HBS) – structures • National Accounts (NA) -totals

  26. Portuguese SAM-Supply side of the labour market 1st step From HBS a matrix of compensations by type household (rows), gender and education level and productive branch (columns), matrix R: 2nd step The last row of the above table - row R.j – matches the matrix of compensation associated with the demand side of labour (industry x type of labour, matrix Cij), that has already been reconciled with NA data. Matrix Cij will be considered as constraint for matrix R.

  27. Portuguese SAM-Supply side of the labour market 3rd step From matrix R, the share of compensations by type household for a certain branch / type of labour can be found. Matrix Rw of relative weights of each cell of R in the total of the respective column. The sum of each column of matrix Rw is 1. The generic element: rwij = rij / R.j 4th step There are NA values (matrix C) and the HBS structure (matrix Rw) to respect. Each value of matrix C, cij, is broken-down through the structure of households of matrix Rw. The result is a matrix R1 with dimension 4x(6x17) compatible with NA. The last row of R1 is now identical to matrix C. «

  28. « • Portuguese SAM Supply side of the labour market 5th step Being the objective to have a matrix of compensations of employees by type of labour and type of household, the values of different branches must be aggregated, as if only one industry was considered. The resulting matrix, let us call C*, has a dimension 4 households groups (in row) x 6 types of labour (in column). «

  29. « • Main uses • Productivity growth of labour input (requires SAM at constant prices) • Employment growth • Composition of labour among industries in terms of status, gender, educational level • Gender cost of labour differential among industries and countries that compile SAM • SAM time series: analysis of impacts and changes in the structures of labour (in composition and industries) «

  30. Main uses: Direct indicators Compensations by gender « 2. 1. 3. «

  31. Main uses: Direct indicators • Jobs by gender « 2. 1. 3. «

  32. « • Main uses: Direct indicators Compensations by level of education 2. 1. 3. «

  33. « • Main uses: Direct indicators Jobs by level of education 2. 1. 3. «

  34. « • Main uses: Direct indicators Compensations by gender and level of education The split of compensations of employees by gender changes according to the level of education: Women have a higher percentage within the medium and higher levels of education, in relation to the differential men vs women. «

  35. Main uses: Direct indicators Yearly average compensations by gender and level of education « For the same education level, women’s yearly average compensations are lower than men’s. Average compensations of employees for women of the highest level are closer with those of men corresponding to the immediate lower level of education (medium) and those of women for the medium are closer with those of men for the lowest. «

  36. Main uses: Direct indicators • Average compensations by industry … « … gender … and level of education «

  37. « • Main uses: Direct indicators Average compensations in Manufacturing (2000-2003) • Manufacturing is an example of industry with predominance of compensations generated by: • lower education job’s • men job’s «

  38. « • Main uses: Direct indicators Average jobs in Manufacturing (2000-2003) • Manufacturing is an example of industry with predominance of: • lower education jobs’ • men job’s «

  39. « • Main uses: Direct indicators Average compensations in Education (2000-2003) • Education is an example of industry with predominance of compensations generated by: • higher education job’s • women job’s «

  40. « • Main uses: Direct indicators Average jobs in Education (2000-2003) • Education is an example of industry with predominance of: • higher education job’s • women job’s «

  41. « • Main uses THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!! isabel.quintela@ine.pt teresa.hilario@ine.pt susana.antunes@ine.pt «

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