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Lecture on the course of : Industrial Safety in Oil and Gas Industry

Lecture on the course of : Industrial Safety in Oil and Gas Industry. « Safety Requirements during Exploration and Development of Oil and Gas Fields on the Continental Shelf » Presentation. 1.

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Lecture on the course of : Industrial Safety in Oil and Gas Industry

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  1. Lecture on the course of: Industrial Safety in Oil and Gas Industry «Safety Requirements during Exploration and Development of Oil and Gas Fields on the Continental Shelf» Presentation 1

  2. Federal Laws and By-Laws Establishing Safety Requirements during Oil and Gas Fields Exploration and Development on the Continental Shelf • Merchant Marine Code N 81-FL of April 30,  1999 ; • Federal Law RFof 21.07.97 №116-FL «On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities»; • Federal Lawof November 30 ,  1995  N 187-FL «On the Continental Shelf». • Federal Law RFof December 21, 1994 N 69-FL “On Fire Safety". • Federal Law RFof January 10, 2002 N 7-FL“On Environment Protection". • Federal Law RF «On Subsoil» ofFebruary 21,  1992  N 2395-1. • Decree dated February , 1 2006 N 54 «On the State Construction Supervision in the Russian Federation». • Regulation on the Federal Environmental, Industrial and Nuclear Supervision Service. Decree of the Government RF dated 14.12.2006 №767; • Charter of the Federal State Establishment “Russian Marine Register of Shipping", approved by the Decree of the Federal Marine and River Transport Agency dated April 13, 2005 N8. As well as • Town Planning Code RFof December 29 , 2004№190-FL; • Federal Law RFof December 27, 2002 № 184-FL «On Technical Regulation»; • Labor Code of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2001 № 194. 2

  3. Merchant Marine Code Under marine shipping the activity is understood which is related to the vessels use for : transportation of loads, passengers and their luggage; fishery; Exploration and development of the mineral and other non-living resources of the sea bed and its subsoil; piloting and ice breaker assistance; searching, rescue and towing operations; hydraulic engineering operations, underwater technical and other similar operations; protection and preservation of marine environment; performance of marine scientific research; other purposes. Under vessel the self floating or non self floating facility is understood, which is used for merchant shipping purposes . Platform «МOLIKPAG» - Development of Оil and Gas Fields on the Continental Shelf , Sakhalin island. Pipe laying ship (CASTORO SEI) Gas pipeline laying (NORDSTREAM PROJECT) 3

  4. Merchant Marine Code Based on the Merchant Marine Code provisions: exploration and development of oil and gas fields on the continental shelf; marine pipelines and cables laying; as well as the construction of other marine facilities is related to the activity in the field of merchant shipping State department and supervision in the field of merchant shipping is executed by the federal executive body in the field of transport, as well as by the federal executive body in the field of fishery and also by other federal executive bodies within the limits of their competence. Ice –resistant oil terminal «Varandei» in Barents sea Pipe-laying vessel.Marine pipeline laying in the Barents sea. 4

  5. SUPERVISION OF SHIPS AND VESSELS Federal executive body in the field of transport shall execute state supervision for : • following International treaties of the Russian Federation related to merchant shipping and the legislation of the Russian Federation on merchant shipping; • safety of human life on the sea; • certification of the ship crew members except for crew members of the vessels used for fishery; • State registration of the vessels and rights for them; • pilot service and the system of vessels movement control at the sea ports; • rescue service and its interaction with other rescue services; • sea routes condition; • ensuring protection of marine environment. 5

  6. SUPERVISION OF SHIPS AND VESSELS Technical supervision of the vessels • specified in item 2 of Article 23of the Merchant marine code, and their classification is executed by the Russian bodies of vessels technical supervision and classification. Bodies of vessels technical supervision and classification • shall issue Rules on vessels classification and building, supervision of vessels being under operation, on fabrication of materials and articles for vessels.

  7. The activity in the field of industrial safety. ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ В ОБЛАСТИ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ОПО According to the provisions of the Law “On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities» the exploration and development of oil and gas fields on the continental shelf,laying of offshore pipelines and cables, as well as construction of other offshore facilities are related to the activity in the field of industrial safety. . Supervision and control in the field of industrial safety of hazardous production facilities (onshore and partially offshore)is executed by Rostechnadzor

  8. Hazardous production facilities (HPF) of gas and oil producing complex (Appendix 1 to приказу Rostechnadzor of April 7, 2011 N 168). <***> При определении типа объекта учитывается количество опасного вещества

  9. Main provisions of the Federal Law «On the Continental ShelfRF» of November 30,  1995  N 187-FL The law establishes the status of the Russian Federation continental shelf, sovereign rights and jurisdiction of the Russian Federation on its continental shelf and their implementation in accordance with the Russian Federation Constitution, generally recognized principles and norms of the International rights and International treaties of the Russian Federation. Continental shelf of the Russian Federation comprises the sea bed of the bowels of the submarine areaslocated outside the territorial sea of the Russian Federation along the entire length of the natural extension of its dry land territory to the continental margin. Continental margin is the extension of the continental massif of the Russian Federation comprising the surface and the bowels of the continental shelf, slope and raise. Definition of the continental shelf is also used for all the islands of the Russian Federation. Internal margin of the continental shelf is the external margin of the territorial sea. External margin of the continental shelf is located at a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines, from which the territorial sea width is being measured provided that the external margin of the continental margin does not extend at a distance of more than 200 nautical miles. If the continental margin extends at a distance of more than 200 nautical miles from the specified baselines, the external margin of the continental shelf coincides with the continental margin defined in accordance with the norms of the International Right. 9

  10. The Russian Federation Rights to the Continental Shelf. • The Russian Federation is executing the following on the continental shelf : • sovereign rights with the objective of exploring continental shelf and developing its mineral resources and aquatic bioresources; • sovereign right to permit and regulate drilling operations on the continental shelf for any purposes; • sovereign right to construct, as well as permit and regulate building up of the artificial islands, units and structures; • ;jurisdiction with respect to : • - marine scientific research; • - protection and preservation of the marine environment in connection with the continental shelf exploration, development of its mineral resources and aquatic bioresources, burial of wastes and other materials; • sovereign right to lay and operate underwater cables and pipelines of the Russian Federation. • The Russian Federation is executing sovereign rights and jurisdiction on the continental shelf being governed by the economical, trade, scientific and other interests in the order established by the present Federal Law and the norms of the International Right. 10

  11. Competence of the State Power Federal Bodies on the Continental Shelf.(1) • The competence of the state power federal bodies on the continental shelf comprises : • - coordinate state power federal bodies activity in respect to the continental shelf and the activity on it, protect the legal rights and interests of the Russian Federation on the continental shelf and its natural resources.; • - approve the State programe for continental shelf exploration and its mineral resources development; • - establish the order of mineral resources usage including procedure of licensing; • - control the activity on building up , operation and usage of the artificial islands, units and structures; • - establish the route and conditions for laying underwater cables and pipelines on the continental shelf; • - control drilling operations on the continental shelf for any purposes; • - conduct State ecological expertise, State ecological control and State monitoring of the continental shelf; 11

  12. Competence of the State Power Federal Bodies on the Continental Shelf. • The competence of the state power federal bodies on the continental shelf comprises : • - establish legal regime in the areas of extraordinary ecological situations and ecological disaster; • - ensure immediate actions on elimination of accidents consequences resulting in contamination with oil and substances other than oil; • - ensure fulfillment of measures aimed at protection of the continental shelf, its mineral resources and aquatic bioresources, suppress breaching of the present Federal Law and the International treaties of the Russian Federation, and bringing to responsibility of the people guilty in committing illegal actions; • - settle the disputes with respect to the continental shelf and activity on it; • - conclude and implement the International treaties of the Russian Federation with respect to the continental shelf and activity on it; • other authorities provided by the present law and other federal laws. • Procedure of granting for use of the sections and for use of the subsoil sections on the continental shelf is regulated by the present Federal Law, Law “On subsoil « and legislation on gas supply in the Russian Federation. • Рermit to the Russian applicants, foreign applicants for building up, operation, usage of the artificial islands, units, structures shall be issued by the federal executive bodies defined relevantly by the President of the Russian Federation , the Government of the Russian Federation. 12

  13. Specifics of exploration and development of gas and oil fields on the Russian continental shelf Russia possesses the largestoffshore shelf, however almost all of this shelf is located beyond the Arctic Circle and is not covered with ice in a rare month. Based on the most rough estimates it conceals136 bln. t of hydrocarbons in terms of oil.This is25% of the world-wide resources. 80 % of them are located on the shelves of the Northern seas. Due to extreme severity of the natural conditions only 2% of the Arctic shelf had been studied, which area — 5.2 mln. km2. Ice conditions- mass of icebergs to 1 mln.t; drifting ice thickness is 1.2 m;drifting ice velocity is 1 m/sec.; hummocks with the keel depth to 20 m. 13

  14. RESEARCH OF ARCTIC SEAS FOR OIL AND GAS AVAILABILITY Offshore Stationary Platform «Prirazlomnaya» aimed at work in the Barents Sea. Large-scale study of the Arctic Seas for oil and gas availability had started in 1978 in Barents, Kara and Pechora Seas where 100 perspective structures, 10 fields had been found , half of which – large. In 1988 the uniqueShtokman field had been found in the Barents Sea (gas reserves — 3.2 tln.m3, gas condensate — 31 mln.t)— the largest gas and condensate field known in the world. Commercial production of the feedstock at the Russian northern shelf is being executed only in the Baltic Sea («Lukoil») and the Sea of Okhotsk («Sakhalinmorneftegas», «Sakhalin Energy»). Platform «Lunskaya –A». Development of Lunskaya field on the shelf Sakhalin island 14

  15. Specifics of oil and gas development on the Arctic shelf • Severe natural and climatic conditions: • ice conditions, icing, low temperatures, heavy sea, polar night etc.; • Underdevelopment of infrastructure: • practical absence of ports, airdromes, repair depots, medical institutions, navigational support, meteorological forecast stations,radio communications system, non heavy sea and air traffic, etc.); • Significant remoteness of the facilities from the shore and base fields (to 600 km) that complicates the organization of provision and rescue, etc.. • For the development of fields under such conditions the huge amount of money is required for scientific research, design and engineering, construction and operation. 15

  16. Complicated natural conditions and technical problems,lack of the qualified specialists and the experience often result in offshore platforms destruction and the death of the servicing staff. The important problems for feedstock exploration and development on the Russian continental shelf are the development of the normative –technical base on the Federal and branch level, large-scale study of the Arctic seas, setting up material and technical basis for the construction of the unique offshore materials, training of the specialists of the relevant professions. On the level of the operating hazard for the platform personal staff and the size of the caused damage formed during emergency situation occurrence, the offshore platforms are the most hazardous facilities compared with the manned space stations. ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNICAL REASONS OF OFFSHORE PLATFORMS DESTRUCTION November 25, 1979 Floating platform Bohai-2, Bohai bay between China and Korea. During the storm with the volume of 10 points,the water had flooded the pump house through the air hole,the platform had lost stability, turned over and sank. 72 persons had died out of 74. 16

  17. Preliminary list of accidents types during exploration and development of oil and gas field on the continental shelf : • - complete or partial destruction and (or) fall of drill derricks (masts) and their parts on the offshore stationary platforms during construction and operation; • - complete or partial destruction, loss of drilling rigs during operation; • - emergency drift of floating drilling rigs from the drilling site with the wellheads destruction; • - fall of tackle system at the drilling rigs, equipment for well repair; • - explosions and fire at all the supervised facilities; • - uncontrolled oil and gas blowout during construction, operation and repair of wells (open blowout); • - complete or partial destruction of oil and gas production and treatment facilities, infield pipelines accompanied by or resulted in oil spill (leak) in the volume of 10 and more cubic meters , or leak of natural (associated) gas in the volume of 10 thousand and more cubic meters; • - destruction of process equipment,technical devices,lifting cranes and mechanisms as a result of violation of production process; • unauthorised explosions at the wells during perforating-explosive operations and seismic exploration works • ; • - integrity damaging of offshore facilities supporting structures, equipment failure; • - collision with support and other vessels, helicopters crash accompanied by offshore facilities damage. 17

  18. Accidents at offshore oil and gas facilities on the continental shelf In the period from 1965 to 2010 (for 45 years 45) more than 70 accidents had occurred at offshore platforms of oil and gas complex, which resulted in the death of 700 people, up to 80 persons had been severely injured. Economical damage from these accidents does not fall for record. Review of accident rate at the platforms during recent years (2004-2009) points to the decrease of accidents number with disastrous effect(death of significant number of people, large-scale environment contamination, great material damage) that can be connected with technological and design improvements , use of up-to-date systems ensuring safety. March27. 1980 Five-support floating platform Alexander Keillandin the Northern Sea. Under the influence of the wave load the crack had been formed in one of the main horizontal inter-support bracings.Column lift off from platform occurred due to longitudinal bracing failure, platform turned over. Saving of only 89 persons out of 212 staying at the platform had been succeeded. 18

  19. The specific features of accidents at offshore site facilities are: rapid development of emergency processes related to the discharge of hydrocarbon and their combustion under the conditions of equipment tight location. In 1988 the most severe accident had occurred at the English offshore oil platform “Peiper Alpha «, 167 persons died. Cause –use of pumps for gas supply with cut- off systems of emergency depressurization. 19

  20. The main sources of hazard resulted in disastrous effects at oil and gas development platforms 1.Effect of wave and wind loads resulted in occurrence of loads exceeding permissible loads and not considered during design. 2.Insufficient control for dynamic parameters of the system: platform- anchor gears-well equipment. 3. Lack of automatic control systems (ACS)capable to effect the condition of the technological systems and the platform in case of loss of control of the platform regular Control System. 15.02.1982 Platform Ocean Ranger (USA) , Northern Atlantika, 166 miles to the east of Newfoundland. The accommodation decks of the platform had been broken by the wave impacts, and platform crew spaces had been flooded. Heel had been formed and the platform had turned over as a result of it. 84 persons died. 20

  21. Main sources of hazard resulted in disastrous effects at offshore oil and gas platforms 4.Effect of wave and wind loadsresulted in occurrence of loads exceeding allowable loads and not considered during design; 5. Dangerous and uncontrolledmanoeuvring of floating crafts in the direct vicinity of the platform; March 15, 2001Floating platform P-36, Petrobras, 125 km to the east of Brazil coast.Due to technical failure the gas and gas condensate started entering one of the supporting columns. Emergency warning system appeared to be out of order. Gas mixture explosion occurred in 17 minutes.11 persons died, 164 persons had been saved. Damage from flooding and oil spillage exceeded 1 bln. USD. 21

  22. Main sources of hazard resulted in disastrous effects at offshore oil and gas platforms • 6. Explosions, dropped and flying objects (debris ) effect on the platform. • 7. Impossibility of using regular rescue equipment under the conditions of emergency situations. • 8. Lack of Autonomous Support Vesselsfor ensuring safe operation in the area of 15- minutes reach range to the platform. • Based on emergency situations statistics, precisely this time interval is required for rendering urgent aid to the platform crew. 28.04.2008 On the Black Sea the helicopter tail had engaged thedrilling rig enclosure of the drilling platform “Tavrida", had fallen down on it and caught on fire.As a result of accident 19 out of 20 persons located at the helicopter board had died.

  23. ACCIDENTS AT OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION PLATFORMS Oil and gas development platforms are characterized by relatively high accident rate during wells drilling. Emergency blowout of the well during its drilling is one of the most dangerous emergency situations at the drilling rigs from the point of severity of consequences and effect on the staff. Based onWOAD (Worldwide Offshore Accident Databank) data , 15 accidents had occurred for the period of 1970-1997 resulted in loss of offshore stationary platforms due to open blowout. According to the report of Offshore Hydrocarbon Releases Statistics and Analysis (HSR 2002 002, HSE, 2003), 96.4% discharges were related to the stationary platforms, and only 3.6% fell on floating units. Of the total number of discharges exploration drilling — 49%; production drilling — 22%; development — 19%; wells completion — 4%; their repair — 6%.As a rule, the discharge takes place through pumping and compression pipe or annular space. August 10.2004 PlatformAdriatic IV During drilling works of gas field in the area of Port Said, Egypt the inflammation of technological platform located near it had occurred for some unknown reason . More than 150 workers of the platform had been evacuated. As a result of gas inflammation the platform had been turned over and drowned. 23

  24. ACCIDENTS AT OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION PLATFORMS Accidents with offshore platformscause severe damage not only to economy but to environment as well and are actual threat of occurrence of the global environmental crisis in the near future . Oil spills during exploration,production and transportation result in the vast offshore zones and long sections of the mainland coastal zones contamination . May 24, 2008 Accident at platform Statfjord A, shelf of the Northern Sea. Leakage of gas and oil located for temporary storage in the tank located on one of the concrete «legs» of the platform. 1200 m3 of oil entered the Northern Sea. 24

  25. ACCIDENTS AT OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION PLATFORMS Deepwater Horizon oil platform operated by BP had been drowned on 22.04.10. in Gulf of Mexico after 36-hours of fire followed the massive explosion. At the moment of accident 126 persons had been working, 17 persons had been injured , 11- had died. The most severe accident had occurred with respect to the scale of environment contamination and material damage, and it became the first disaster of this type in the human history. From 4.1 to 4.9 mln. bl of oil had flowed out from the Gulf of Mexico. Nearly 6.2 thous. bl. of oil had been flowing out daily from the damaged well. Similar accident had not taken place at the drilling units for more than 50 years . 25

  26. Плавучая полупогружная буровая установка «Кольская»(затонула в январе 2012г.при буксировке в Охотском море)

  27. Main causes of accidents at the offshore drilling facilities in 1970-2009. Supporting structures integrity damaging, equipment failure 11%±5 Uncontrolled oil and/or gas discharge from the wells 14% ±7 Staff errors 23%±2 External effects of the technogenic character(collision with marine ships, falling of the helicopter, subversive action) 17%±5 Off-design weathering 25%±4 27

  28. Accident rate amongst the floating facilities of the Northern Sea The highest accident rate amongst the floating facilities of the Northern Seafalls on the mobile drilling rigs to which self-lifting and semi-submersible drilling rigs are referred to. In this case, the greatest number of accidents is related to dropped objects and cranes operations. The greatest number accidentsat the offshore stationary platforms (OSP) is related to spills/discharge and dropped objects.The third place on the number of accidents at OSP takes the accidents related to cranes. The analysis shows that the number of accidents falling to the main cranes,impacts on the equipmentalmost two times exceeds the dropped loads to the sea and impacts on the supply vessel . Accidents data expertise showed that none of the accidents had resulted in significant discharge of hydrocarbons or sensitive equipment damage. Percentage number of accidents during execution of lifting operations included in the reportsamounts to 18.6% on average. During lifting operations, 58.5% incidents took place during operations on cargo handling, and 41.5% — during drilling operations. 28

  29. Volume of losses due to emergency situations: for platforms (mln. USD) Northern America; 4353 Middle East 379.8 Far East 69.4 Europe 5774,9 South America 678.4 Oceania 589,2 Africa 880.1 .29

  30. TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION OF ACCIDENTS CAUSES All the emergency cases with FPU or OSP (during extreme weather conditions, collision with vessels,ice load impact, helicopters accidents, dropped objects, etc.) are subject to record and investigation by the Marine Registry of Shipping , RF, except for blowout discharge,bit seizure and facilities damage, technical supervision for which Register is not executing. After each emergency case the following looses force: Certificate on navigation readiness, Certificate on operation readiness, Classification Certificate, Certificate of floating drilling unit safety (1989), Load Mark International Certificate (1966). To renew their validity each FPU or OSP shall be presented to the Register for certification with the objective of defining its technical state and conditions of further operation or repair.. Technical investigation of accidents causes and injuries related to blowout, discharge, bit seizure and damage of mechanisms , devices, equipment of drilling and technological complexes shall be done in accordance with : - the Federal Law «On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities» dated July 21, 1997 № 116-FL - the Federal Law «Labor Code of the Russian Federation» dated December 30, 2001 № 197-FL (Articles 227-231) - By the Decree of MinPrirody dated 30.06.09 №191 «On the approval of the Procedure of conducting technical investigation of accidents and incidents causes at the facilities supervised by the Federal Environmental, Industrial and Nuclear Supervision Service». These emergency cases investigation results and the conclusions of the competent bodies shall be sent to the Register. 30

  31. SAFETY OF FLOATING PRODUCTION UNITS AND OFFSHORE STATIONARY PLATFORMS ( FPU/ OSP ) They are identified like Hazardous Production Facilities and Offshore Facilities Industrial and Environmental Safety Navigation safety, protection of human life on the sea and environmental safety Law « On the Continental Shelf» of 30.11.95 №187- FL Law «On subsoil» of 21.02.92 № 2395-1 Law « On industrial safety» of 21.07.97 № 116-FL Town planning code of 29.12.04 №190-FL Law «On environ-ment protection» of 01.10.02 №7 FL Code of Merchant Shipping of 30FL Law «On Fire Safety» of 21.12.94 № 69-FL State construction supervision State body of technical supervision and vessels classification Federal supervision in the field of industrial safety Rostechnadzor Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 01.02.07 № 54 Rostechnadzor Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 14.12.2006 №76 Marine Registry of Shipping, RF Decree of the Ministry of Transport dated 13.04.05 № 8 31

  32. MAIN NORMATIVE LEGAL ACTS ESTABLISHING SAFETY REQUIREMENTS DURING EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF • Federal Law , RF of 21.07.97 №116-FL «On industrial safety of hazardous production facilities»; • Merchant Marine Code N 81-FLof April 30,  1999 ; • Decree of the Government , RF №526 of 11.05.99 «On the approval of the Rules for submission of the hazardous production facilities industrial safety declaration». • Decree of MinPrirody dated 30.06.09 №191 «On the approval of the procedure of conducting technical investigation of accidents and incidents causes at the facilities supervised by the Federal Environmental, Industrial and Nuclear Supervision Service». • Safety Regulations in Oil and Gas Industry approved by the Decree of Gosgortechnadzor of Russia dated June 5, 2003 N 56 (PB-624-03). • Safety Regulations during Exploration and Development of Oil and Gas Fields on the Continental Shelf (PB 08-623-03). Administrative Reglament of the Federal Service of Environmental, Industrial and Nuclear Supervision Service on the Execution of the State Function on Issuing Permits for Use of Specific Kinds (types) of Technical Devices at Hazardous Production Facilities approved by the Decree of Rostechnadzor dated 29.02.2008 . Administrative Reglament on Excercising State function for hazardous production facilities registration approved by the Decree of Rostechadzor dated 07.09.07 № 606. Regulations of classification, building and equipping floating production units) and offshore stationary platforms of the Russian Marine Registry of Shipping. Saint-Petersburg 2007. Technical Reglament on fire safety requirements (№123-FL dated 22.07. 2008) Regulation on classification of the vessels and offshore stationary platforms approved by the Decree of the Federal Agency of the Marine and River Transport , RF of July 9, 2003 N 160. Regulations of technical supervision for building of ships and items for ships (v. 1,2 Russian Marine Registry of Shipping, 2007 ); Guidelines on technical supervision of floating production units and offshore stationary platforms in operation. Marine Registry of Shipping, 2004. • Set of Rules on Engineering Survey on the Continental Shelf for Construction of Offshore Oil and Gas Development Facilities (SP 11-114-2004). 32

  33. Authorized Regulating Bodies in the Field of Safety during Exploration of Oil and Gas Fields on the Continental Shelf • Rostechnadzor– supervision and control in the field of industrial safety of hazardous production facilities (onshore and on the sea partially); • Gosmorrechnadzor (department of Rostransnadzor of RF Ministry of Transportation) - navigation and shipping safety; • Marine Registry of Shipping of Russia(Federal State Institution) – State supervision for meeting safety requirements for subsea and abovewater field facilities; • EMERCOM of Russia– Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Management and Natural Disasters; • Federal Agency on Technical Regulation and Metrology(GOST’s, SNiPs, Sets of Rules, Technological Reglaments, etc.), (more than 50 normative documents of the federal level in the field of safety of the shelf development facilities) 33

  34. General Safety Requirements to FPU / OSP (1) Drilling and process (for gathering, processing and transportation of wells production) equipment at FPU / OSP,as well as technical solutions related to ensuring wells safe drilling and operation shall comply with the requirements of the state bodies supervising safety in oil and gas industry(Rostechnadzor). Regulations of Classification, Building up and Equipment of Floating Production Units and Offshore Stationary Platforms are applicable for FPU/OSP, all the mechanisms, devices and equipment installed on them which normal work conditions ensure established safety level of the unit as a whole at all the modes of work. 34

  35. General Safety Requirements to FPU / OSP (2) Safety requirements of offshore facilities as the objects of oil and gas production complexare established in accordance with the federal legislation in the field of ensuring industrial, fire and environmental safety, safe operation and disposal of machines and equipment, safe operation of buildings, structures, protection of the population and territories from emergency situations. With the view of ensuring safe maritime traffic of vessels, offshore platforms of different purpose, human life protection on the sea, environmental safety, design of these facilities, building up, materials and items fabrication for them shall be implemented at execution of vessels technical supervision and classification (Marine Registry of Shipping of Russia), or international classification society vested with the required authorities by the Russian Federation Government in accordance with the International treaties of the Russian Federation. 35

  36. FPU / OSP CLASSIFICATION To offshore floating production units and offshore stationary platforms (FPU/ OSP) the following is related :all self floating units and non propelled units, drilling ships, and steel, reinforced concrete and composite offshore stationary platforms, including ice resistant type hold on the soil by gravitation method, by means of piles or combined method, aimed at exploration/development of subsoil resources of the sea bed or other activity. According to the Provision on classification of vessels and offshore stationary platforms the procedure of vessels and offshore stationary platforms classification is established by the federal state institution " Russian Marine Registry of Shipping " (hereinafter - Register). Classification activity of the Registercomprises development and issuing of rules, review and approval of the technical documentation, performance of the certifications during materials and articles fabrication, during building ships, offshore stationary platforms (OSP) with assignment of class to them, as well as confirmation, class resumption and renewal on the basis of the results specified by certifications prescribed by the rules for the whole period of each vessel, OSP operation prior to their writing off with the execution and issuing of the relevant documents.

  37. FPU / OSP CLASSIFICATION • The objects of Register classification activity are: • - Self floating vessels with the main engines having capacity not less than 55 kW, non propelled vessels with the tonnage not less than 80 t, all passenger, cargo-passenger, oil-carriers, towing vessels, pleasure crafts with sitting capacity of more than 12 persons irrespective of the main engines capacity and gross tonnage; • - Steel reinforced concrete and composite offshore stationary platforms, including ice resistant type, hold on the soil by the gravitation method, by means of piles or combined method, aimed at development of subsoil resources of the sea bed. • Register shall review and approve the technical documentation for building, re-equipment, modernization and repair of FPU/OSP, fabrication and repair of articles, and materials fabrication for installing at FPU/OSP (technical design (FEED) and detail designs, detail documentation, specifications, standards and other normative-technical documents). Certification is an integral part of the classification activity and comprises step-by-step inspections of rules implementation in the process of building up, re-equipment, modernization, repair of FPU/OSP and their facilities, fabrication and repair of articles and fabrication of materials to be installed on these facilities. • Organization executed works on building up, re-equipment or repair of FPU/OSP, fabrication of materials and articles shall ensure all the required conditions for certifications conducted by the Register. 37

  38. FPU / OSP CLASSIFICATION • Main definitions (1) • OffshoreFloating production unit (FPU)— vessel capable to produce drilling operations and/or execute development of the resources located under the sea bottom, for example, oil, gas, sulphur or slat. • Above-water unit (AU)– unit located in the displacement-type vehicle hull, like FPU, drilling rig or a barge not aimed at exploration/development of the sea bed resources. • Drilling ship –vessel having drilling rig. • Self-propelled FPU (SFPU) –FPU lifted in a working condition above the surface of the sae on the columns supported on the soil. • FPU with stabilizing columns – floating drilling rig where the tonnage of widely located columns is used for ensuring bouyancy and stability in all the operating states, including submergence and floating up. In the lower part of the column the underwater hulls can be used or piles for ensuring additional bouyancy or a surfacesufficient for holding unit on the sea bed. With the objective of mutual connection of columns, submurged hulls or piles, аas well as the reinforcers of tubular section or lattice structure can be used for supporting platform. FPU with stabilizing columns can be designed for conducting drilling works both in the floating condition as well as supporting on the soil. • Submurged FPU–FPU with stabilizing columns supporting on the soil in the working condition. Semi-submurged FPU (SFPU)— FPU with stabilizing columns located in the working condition on the float and hold in the horizontal plain surface by using anchors, transverse thrusters or other positioning means. • FPU on tensioning bracings - FPUwith significant excessive bouyoncy in the working condition hold in the point of drilling/ development tensioned by anchor bracings fixed on the sea bed. 38

  39. FPU / OSP CLASSIFICATION • Main definitions (2) • Offshore stationary platform (OSP)– offshore oil and gas field facility consisting of the topside and supporting base fixed for the whole period of use on the soil and being the object of offshore oil and gas fields development. • Ice resistant OSP – unit capable to withstand ice load. • Gravitational OSP— offshore stationary platform of gravitational type – structure which stability on the soil is mainly ensured by own weight and the weight of the ballast down. • Pile type OSP – pile type offshore stationary platform — structure, which stability on soil is ensured mainly by piles driven to soil. • Mast type OSP – offshore deep-sea stationary platform which stability is ensured either by anchor wire, or by relevant bouyancy volume. • DEEP-WATER platform on the columns – platform on the columns with the height significantly exceeding the typical size of the cross section. It consists of the following elements: columns (not less than one), lower supporting base contacting with the bottom of the aquatorium, and the top bearing structure. • Shallow-water platformon the columns – platform on the columns of the height compatible with the typical size of the cross section. They consist of the same element as deep water platforms on the columns. • CONSTRUCTIONAL island (caisson) – shallow-water platform on full solid base. 39

  40. FPU / OSP CLASSIFICATION FPU / OSP CLASS FPU / OSP class assigned by the Register consists of the main symbol and additional signs and verbal characteristics defining the design and function of the vessel or floating facility. The main symbol of FPU / OSP class assigned by the Register consists of the signs : КМ®, КМ*, (КМ)* - for self-propelled FPU; КЕ®, КЕ* (КЕ)* - for non self-propelled FPU and OSP with total capacity of the main motors of more than 100 kW. Depending on the Rules and under the supervision of which classification body the vessel or floating facility had been built, the main symbol of the class should be established in the following way : - FPU/OSP built according to the Rules and under technical supervision of the Register, the class is assigned with the main symbol: КМ® or КЕ®; - FPU/OSP, which completely (or their hull, or mechanical unit, or mechanisms,or equipment)were constructed and/or fabricated per the Rulesand under the supervision of another recognized Register of the classification body, at their classification the Register assigns the class with the main symbol КМ* or КЕ*; - FPU and OSP, which completely (or their hull, or mechanical unit, or equipment) were built and fabricated without the supervision of the classification body recognized by the Register, at their classification the Register will assign the class with the main symbol : (КМ)* or (КЕ)*. To the main symbol of OFP/OSP class the signs - divisions per compartments ,automations and verbal characteristics can be added , which define the compliance of the vessel or floating facility with the requirements of Register of shipping.

  41. FPU and OSP Safety Assessment. FPU and OSP Safety Assessment is regulated in theRules of classification, building up and equipment of offshore floating production units and offshore stationary platforms (Register p.XV.) and shall confirm rather low probability of human victims estimated by means of annual individual risks, as well as social risks, great losses, and inacceptable contamination of the environment that could occur as a result of the accident. Platform safety assessment shall be executed, first of all,on the level of the project concept when selecting the type of the platform. The essence of this assessment is to be sure at the early design stage that the selected concept of the platform will not result in necessity of implementing fundamental changes during design and building up due to safety requirements. The purpose of safety assessment is to ensure acceptable safety in accordance with the established criteria. Safety assessment according to the conceptual design of the platformshall be included in the general plan of platform development and platform building up. 41

  42. FPU and OSP Safety Assessment. As a basis for safety assessment the designer shall submit the following information: • Description of platform environment; • Description of platform functioning and operation specifics; • Layout drawings showing devices and systems performing the most important functions. Special attention shall be paid to those areas where the works are being performed and the equipment is installed which has significant destruction potential, as well as fire safety, accomodation complexes, escape routes, protective areas and evacuation systems; • Main power structural layouts; • Description of the most important measures provided for decrease of accidents probability; • Description of measures provided for decrease of accidents consequences; • Description of escape routes; • Description of safety level related to new technologies and technical innovations, which are planned to be used; • Analysis of probable emergency situations; • Calculation showing that the consequences of design extreme environmental conditions and emergency effects satisfy the criteria of sufficient safety specified in the Rules of FPU and OSP classification, building up and equipment. 42

  43. FPU and OSP Safety Assessment For safety assessment the emergency situations of the following types are reviewed: • Extreme hydrometeorological conditions; • Earthquakes; • Collision with vessels and other floating facilities; • Helicopter accidents; • Dropped objects; • Explosions; • Fires; • Emissions; • Combination of these accidents; • Violation of safety rules, bad management during change of conditions, bad maintenance; • Other possible situations. 43

  44. Analysis of emergency situation at the platforms. Analysis of emergency situations shall be used during platform design (starting from the project concept), building and operation. In this case it is required to review all the design modes of operation : transportation, installation on site, working, survival or extreme loading, removal from site, etc. Analysis of emergency situations shall be also used for existing platforms in case of their fundamental modifications. Analysis of probable emergency situations shall be approved by the Register and comprise the following: - Description of the conditions at the beginning of the accident, basic data for analysis; - Description of measures for accident elimination, description of platform equipment and systems used for mitigation of accident consequences; - Information on the analysis of methods, physical and static models; - Description of accident development process, including its calculations; - Protection measures for staff and persons staying at the platform during accident. 44

  45. Potential emergency situations for all FPU and OSP Under extreme environmental conditions(1) -various structural violations in the working position owing to the off-nominal development of the events; - shift, turnover and sagging of the platform on the soil at adverse combination of external environment and soil changed conditions; - platform transportation under the conditions which do not comply with the allowable ones on criteria of structure integrity and reliability; - significant fatigue damage during intensive effect of heaving, wind, ice, seismicity; - brittle failure under the conditions of low temperatures and pulse loads. At collision with the vessel or floating object (2) Two types of collision shall be reviewed: - docking impact or floating object – contact of platform external surface with the vessel or floating object at low speed, normally more than 0.3 knots, coefficients at speed and inertia components of the impact are negligibly low (impact pulse is missing); effect can be defined by static application of external force; - collision with the vessel or floating object- impact of the vessel or floating object to the external surface of the platform, coefficients at speed and inertia components of effrect are sufficient for impact pulse formation. 45

  46. Potential Emergency Situations for all FPU and OSP at explosions, dropped and flying objects (3) Main external and internal sources related to the effect on the platform, dropped and falling objects (debris) are: • - helicopter accident; • - accident near the platform on the support vessels and oil carriers resulting in explosions and /or occurrence of flying objects on them; • - vessels (cylinders) and pipelines located (working) under pressure and containing gas or liquid explosion hazardous services; • - structures and equipment possessing significant potential energy 46

  47. Potential emergency situations for all FPU / OSP In case of fire and emissions (4) -1 Fire at FPU / OSP are principally subdivided to two categories : - at the open deck as a result of oil and/or gas blowout from the well; - in enclosed area. Fire at the open deck as a result of oil and/or gas blowout from the well shall be classified as the most hazardous. Specific hazard of this fire is that, first of all, there is oil spill at a big area; secondly, the inflow of combustible liquid and (or) gas is rather high and is not subject to control especially at the initial stage of the fire; thirdly, in the atmosphere above the unit the gaseous combustible liquid is formed consisting of air, gasses entering from the well, as well as oil vapor. Such combustible mixture inflammation sources can be the following: - deck lighting failure; - open fire; - sparkles of any origin; - exhaust combustible gases; - equipment combustible parts. This fire can be developed on different scenarios, and sufficient number of different factors can effect fire spreading. 47

  48. Potential emergency situations for all FPU / OSP In case of fire and emissions (4) -2 Fires in FPU and OSP internal space can be subdivided to three main groups: - fire in power compartments (except for electrotechnical compartments and enclosed areas); - electrical equipment fire; - fire in service space, utility space, living space. The main reasons of fire occurrence in the internal space are the following: - violation of work mode and operation rules of equipment and instruments; - accidents and failure of equipment, machines, mechanisms and instruments, as well as systems servicing them. The source of fire occurrence in the internal spacecan be : - sparkles of any origin; - open fire; - surfaces heated up to a fuel flash point (uninsulated parts of gas exhaust, overheated bearings, electrical equipment); • electric wiring failure. To identify fire risk depending on the performed functions (that characterizes the potential level of the facility hazard), FPU/OSP are subdivided to three groups : - platform- oil depot; - production platform; • - exploration drilling rig. 48

  49. Specific emergency situations for platforms. • Installation of self-elevating type (SFPU). • As regards SFPU all the types of emergency situations can be implemented. • Specific potential emergency situations for the platforms of self-elevating type can be the following: • - сolumns sagging when squeezing to soil; • seizing of supporting-lifting device during platform hull lifting to a working position; • - soil washing out under the action of bottom currents; • - soil liquefaction at variable loads; • - platform turning over and shift, as well as columns sagging at wave and wind loads and the impact of the vessel or other floating object to the supporting column; • - inclination and loss of columns integrity during their withdrawal from the soil; • - thrust movement of columns in the soil at adverse combination of external loads and specifics of soil reaction; • - disastrous effects of damage of one of the columns of three-point unit; • - accompanied by gryphon gas emissions in the area of supporting columns; • - Jamming-up of the platform hull on a half way of lifting or lowering on the supporting columns; • - loss of lifting mechanism serviceability; • - supporting columns structural damage as a result of impacting with the vessel or other floating object; • - disastrous effects as a result of the earthquake due to changed properties of the base. 49

  50. Specific emergency situations for platforms. Semi-submurged type platforms (SFPU). As regards SFPU all the types of emergency situations can be implemented. Specifics of these platforms is the fact that emergency situations related to earthquakes shall not be reviewed for them. Specific potential situations for semi-submurged type platforms can be the following: - Damage (residual deformations, integrity damage) of structural elements of the pontoons, stabilizing columns, braces, top hull and their connections; - Empty compartment flooding; - Oil products leakage; - Inclination of SFPU hull; - Anchor chains rupture; - Combination of the above emergency situations. 50

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