Kingdom Myceteae: The Fungi

1. Kingdom Myceteae: The Fungi

2. FUNGIGeneral Info I 100,000 described species of fungi Estimated to be closer to 1.5 million. Evolved from protists

3. FUNGIGeneral Info II Evidence [rRNA & morphological characteristics (chitin, flagella when present) & glycogen], it appears that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants

4. Eukaryotic chemoheterotrophs. Acquire nutrients by absorption from the environment Some are decomposers, some are parasites & some are mutualistic symbionts. Characteristics of fungiPart I

5. Fungi produce spores that at times outnumber the number of pollen grains in the air. Some species of fungi are capable of digesting cellulose. Mycorrhizal (fungal-root) associations are common. Characteristics of fungiPart II

6. Fungal Morphology

7. For many fungi, a great deal of their structures are hidden underground or in some other substrate. The mushrooms that make up a fairy ring are not individual growths, but only manifestations of a single organism sending out threads underground.

8. single cells like the yeasts are less common mycelia There are basically two morphological forms

9. Structures (Part I) that are common to many fungi include: hyphae - tiny filaments (singular hypha) mycelium- a mat of hyphae (plural mycelia) septa are cross-walls that divide hyphae into separate cells (singular septum) Fungi have basically filamentous bodies

10. Structures (Part II) that are common to many fungi include: cell walls are composed of chitin coenocytic hyphae are aseptate (without septa) and consist of a continuous cytoplamic mass with many nuclei. haustoria are modified hyphae that penetrate a host's tissues Fungi have basically filamentous bodies

11. Reproduction in Fungi

12. Reproduction Part I Reproduction in fungi is accomplished by unusual reproductive modes. Most fungi reproduce sexually with nuclear exchange instead of the fusion of gametes. They release spores that are produced by either sexual or asexual reproduction

13. Reproduction part II Types of reproductive structures that occur in fungi include: 1. sporangia that are involved in the formation of spores 2. gametangia that are structures within which gametes form 3. conidiophores that produce conidia (multinucleate asexual spores)

14. Reproduction Part III Fungi are unique in that the nuclear membrane does not break down and reform during mitosis. Instead mitosis takes place within the nucleus. A spindle apparatus forms there, pulling the chromosomes to the opposite poles of the nucleus (not the cell).

15. Reproduction Part IV Fungal nuclei, except for the zygote, are haploid. Hyphae of two genetically different mating types fuse. In some genetically different types, nuclei that are associated in a common cytoplasm after fusion coexist. A fungal hypha containing nuclei from two genetically distinct individuals is called heterokaryotic, whereas if the nuclei are similar it is called homokaryotic.

16. Reproduction in Basidiomycota

17. Reproduction in Zygomycota

18. Reproduction in Ascomycota

19. These are aquatic saprobes and parasites They are considered to be primitive fungi that evolved from flagellated protists Phylum Chytridiomycota

20. What do chytrids tell us about the origin of fungi? Part I First, chytrids are predominantly aquatic. Thus fungi probably got their start in the water, as did plants and vertebrates. Secondly, chytrids have flagellated gametes. No other fungi have flagella, which suggests that the other fungi lost this trait at some point in their evolutionary history..

21. What do chytrids tell us about the origin of fungi? Part II Finally, like other fungi, chytrids have chitin strengthening their cell walls, and one subgroup (Hyphochytrids) have cellulose as well, a trait unique among living fungi. The presence of chitin is thus an important defining feature of the fungi.

22. Modern chytrids play a role in the decay and digestion of many aquatic animals. Recently, chytrids have been implicated in the serious decline of frog populations in many parts of the world. The chytrids grow inside cells of the skin and disrupt the frog’s breathing. Chytrids and the Global Decline of Amphibians

23. Phylum Zygomycota AKA zygote fungi or zygomycetes These fungi are mostly terrestrial An example is black bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer

25. These fungi were formally part of the zygomycota. Some form arbuscular mycorrhizae Phylum Glomeromycota

26. Phylum Ascomycota Sac fungi include yeasts, morels, aquatic (marine and freshwater) and terrestrial plant pathogens (e.g., Ophiostoma ulmi- the cause of Dutch Elm disease) and saprobes. Some are mutualists with algae (forming lichens) and others form mycorrhizae. These fungi are defined by asci that are sacs with sexual spores. Ascocarps are fruiting bodies that bear the sexual stages

28. Phylum Basidiomycota Club fungi include mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs, and rusts The club-like basidium gives them the name Example a mushroom cap

30. Crystal Falls is "Home of the Humungous Fungus", perhaps the world's largest and oldest living organism.  It covers 38 acres beneath an Iron County forest near the Wisconsin border.  It is believed to be 1,500 to 10,000 years old and weigh about 100 tons - about the same as an adult blue whale.     It is the species called Armillaria bulbosa and the mushrooms it produces are commonly called "honey mushroom."  The mushroom is the only edible part of the fungus.  Armillaria bulbosa is very common, occurring in hardwood forests in North America, Europe and Japan

31. The fungus made the national news and even the "Late Night with David Letterman" show picked up on the fun with the top ten "facts" about the fungus as: •     Came out of hiding to appear as character witness in Gotti Trial. •     Bill Clinton once tried to smoke some of it. •     Has vanity plate: "Fungus-1" •     Some polls show it running neck and neck with Jerry Brown. •     Elvis once had staff try to bulldoze it onto a 40-acre pizza. •     Section of it used to make William Shatner's hairpiece. •     Might be an old YMCA they forgot to disinfect. •     Believed to be smarter than Quayle. •     Nicknamed "Debbie". •     Tastes a little like chicken. • The fungus has also been featured on the side of a U-Haul van. • The local merchants have "cashed in" on the fungus by selling Fungus Fudge, Fungus Burgers, and Fungus Tee Shirts. • Soon to be a part of a documentary on the Crystal Falls area, the Humungus Fungus is alive and well in the earth south of the City.

32. Kingdom Animalia: Introduction to Animal Evolution

33. There are at least one million extant species of animals, about 99% of all animals are invertebrates (lacking backbones). These organisms are very diverse in form.

34. What is an animal? Characteristics

35. A multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotic organism that in general obtains organic materials by ingestion. Food acquisition can be accomplished by various methods Part I: 1. suspension feeders filter food particles suspended in water 2. deposit feeders eat through their substrate (think earthworms or maggots).

36. Food acquisition can be accomplished by various methods Part II: 3. herbivores feed on plant material or photosynthetic protists 4. Predators capture and eat other animals. 5. Parasites are similar to predators, they may not kill their hosts or kill them slowly.

37. All living crinoids appear to be passive suspension feeders; they do not generate their own filtration current, but rely on extrinsic water movement to bring food particles to them.

38. Deposit feeders are organisms that feed on the particles of matter in the soil, usually the top sediment where it is filled with organic matter.

41. Human parasites

42. Characteristics continued Store carbohydrate as glycogen Animals do not have cell walls Cells are organized into tissues, except in sponges and two of these tissues are unique (nervous and muscle).

45. Characteristics Continued Most reproduce sexually with a dominant diploid stage. In general relatively small sperm fertilize a relatively large ovum or egg (oogamy). Cleavage then occurs (mitotic divisions) resulting in a blastula, then a gastrula forms (during which the three germ layers endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm also form). Many animals go through a larval stage and then metamorphose into the adult stage.

49. More Characteristics These organisms inhabit nearly all environments, but most are marine. Animals have the ability to move rapidly and in complex ways; this differs from other living organisms.

50. BODY PLANS and their use in grouping animals (traditionally but unfortunately artificially)