Virus, War and History

1. Virus, War and History --談談病毒的歷史 基礎醫學研究所 一年級 黃文彥

2. Cryo-EM of icosahedrally symmetric virus particles [Baker TS et al., 1999, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63, 862-922] From Shainn-Wei Wang, ph.D.

3. The platonic solids theory of everything tetrahedron fire earth cube icosahedron air water ether octahedron dodecahedron From Shainn-Wei Wang, ph.D.

4. Virus and History—poxvirus • The first recorded smallpox epidemic was in 1350 B.C. during the Egyptian-Hittite War. Battle of Kadesh www.touregypt.net/ featurestories/hittite3.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites

5. Poxvirus and Demise of the Empire King of Hittite: Sppiluliumas I (1390-1346 B.C.) was died from smallpox. Ramses V (1150-1145-B.C.) was the fourth ruler of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt www.wfu.edu/users/ turnaw2/smallpoxhistory.htm

6. The travel of the virus http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/maptext_n2/mapsmall_n2/parthia_small.html

7. Endemic of smallpox • Athens: 490 B.D. • China: 48 A.D. • Korea: 583 A.D. • Japan: 585 A.D.

8. Plaque of Antonine • 羅馬人在公元第二世紀中期時因與安息(西方稱之為Parthia，取自建立該國的波斯遊牧民族Parni之名，漢朝則以其創國王室Arsacids家族稱之，在現在伊朗一帶，立國公元前238年，滅於公元636年)作戰而把在中亞流行的天花帶回羅馬產生歷史有名的安東大瘟疫(plaque of Antonine，據魏書列傳第十八記載我國東漢桓帝建和二年安息王侍子安世高[著名的佛教高僧]入洛來歸，不知是否是逃避這個瘟疫而移民中國的的中亞民族，有待考證)，死了三到七百萬人，根據當時一位出名醫生加倫(Galen，公元二世紀的羅馬名醫，西方醫學之父)的描述，幾乎1/3到1/4的羅馬人死於這個瘟疫，連羅馬皇帝Marcus Aurelius都無法倖免，對當時日正當中的羅馬帝國的打擊很大，當第二波瘟疫來時羅馬己無足夠人力可以保護自己，最後只好東遷成為東羅馬帝國。

9. 570 B.D. • Mohammed (570-632 B.D.) • Ethiopia-Arab War • Koran (可蘭經): 奉至仁至慈的真主之命，難道您不知道你的主怎麼樣處治象的主人們嗎？難道他沒有使他們的計謀，變成無益嗎？他曾派遣成群的鳥去傷他們，以黏土石射擊他們，使他們變成吃剩的乾草一樣？

10. 虜瘡在中國 • 「發瘡頭面及身，須臾周匝，狀如丈瘡，皆載白漿，隨決隨生，不即治，劇者多死」~東晉 葛洪 (283-343 A.D.)

11. 值得參考的資料在: 科學人雜誌: 2002年4月號 http://www.sciam.com.tw/forum/forumshow.asp?FDocNo=41&CL=16 我國最早有關天花的記載，始于晉代葛洪 (283-363) 的《肘後備急方》，因為天花是在大約西元一世紀的戰爭中由俘虜帶來的，所以當時被稱作“虜瘡”。 宋真宗 (968-1022) [北宋皇帝（997—1022）。名趙恒,原名趙德昌，太宗第三子。]年間，天花的流行比較嚴重，當時丞相王旦他擔心自己的小兒子感染天花，當聽說四川峨嵋山有一位道士有預防天花的仙方時，便派人把道士請回了府中。這位道士拿出一些藥沫，倒在一個小竹管裏，拿起小竹管將藥沫吹到小孩的鼻孔裏，並說種了這個以後，過十天大概會發燒，然後會出現一些紅色的皮疹，再過幾天，燒退疹消，小孩今後就不會再得天花了，後來果然如此。這種“仙方”其實用天花病人身上的幹痂研磨成的粉末。把這種含有天花病毒的粉末吹入小孩的鼻內，他就會染上輕度天花。我國古代把天花稱為“痘”，把道士的這種預防方法稱為“種痘”。古代醫學家的基本思想是以毒攻毒，也就是取已經得過天花的人的天花，它是帶有毒性的，人接觸了一定量的有毒物質後就獲得了對毒物的抵抗能力。 http://www.cctv.com/science/20030822/100328.shtml For lecture only , BC Yang

12. 皇帝與天花 • 英國女皇瑪莉二世(1662-1694 B.D.) • 法王路易十五(1715-1774 B.D.) • 俄國沙皇彼德二世(1772-1814 B.D.) • 清世祖順治(出家?) • 清聖祖康熙 (孝莊皇太后認為他得過天花有免疫，所以立他為帝？) • 清穆宗同治(梅毒？)

13. Demise of Aztec Spain-Aztec War (1520 B.C.) www.greatdreams.com/ mars.htm 三百萬印第安人死於天花

14. 西班牙人是神的化身？ • 西班牙神的地位比阿茲特克人所崇拜的神更高，所以西班牙神有權支配甚至毀滅阿茲特克人的神。 • 屍臭濃烈，我們的父親、祖父相繼過世後，大半數的人都逃到鄉下，野狗和禿鷹貪婪地爭食屍體。死亡率高得嚇人。你們的祖父們和國王的兒子、兄弟、以及其他的人們都死了。這讓我們變成孤兒。噢！可憐的孩子！所以我們又回到年輕時候的一無所有。我們生出來就是為了等死。

15. Influenza 1918 • I had a little bird, Its name was Enza. • I opened the window, • And in-flu-enza. (flew) http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/uda/

16. The development of the concept of viruses • Jacob Henle (1840) hypothesized the existence of infectious agents infectious agents too small to be seen with a light microscope, but for the lack of direct proof, his hypothesis was not accepted.

17. Development in microbiology • Louis Pasteur (1822-95) • Robert Koch (1843-1910) • Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

18. Koch’s postulates (Henle-Koch postulates ) • The organism must be found in all animals suffering from the disease, but not in healthy animals. • The organism must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in pure culture. • The cultured organism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy animal. • The organism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected animal. It was only when these rules broke down and failed to yield a causative agent that the concept of a virus was born. Field Virology Chapter 1

19. Adolf Mayer (1843-1942) • A German scientist trained in the field of chemical technology (fermentation and plant nutrition) • The director of the Agriculture Experiment Station at Wageningen, Holland (1876) • Tobacco mosaic disease:“a soluble, possibly enzyme-like contagium, although almost any analogy for such a supposition is failing in science.”“is bacterial, but that the infectious forms have not yet been isolated, nor are their forms and mode of life known.” http://www.apsnet.org/education/feature/TMV/pdfs/zaitlin.pdf www.ubpb.gwdg.de/ 3wseiten/sar.htm TMV is a kind of enzyme or bacterium?

20. Dimitri Ivanofsky (1864-1920) • On February 12, 1892, he reported that “the sap of leaves infected with tobacco mosaic disease retains its infectious properties even after filtration through Chamberland filter candles.” • A toxin might pass through the filter and cause the diesase. http://www.apsnet.org/education/feature/TMV/pdfs/zaitlin.pdf The dogma of the times and the obvious success of Koch’s postulates kept most scientists from interpreting their data in a different way. Field Virology Chapter 1 http://www.virus.csdb.cn/TypeSpecimen/1fxyj/01.htm

21. Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931) • He was unaware of Ivanofsky’s work at the time…(1898) • The filtered sap could be diluted and then regain its “strength” after replication in living, growing tissue of plant. • “Contagium vivum fluidum” http://www.apsnet.org/education/feature/TMV/pdfs/zaitlin.pdf Were “viruses” liquids or particles?

22. Viruses (filterable agents) are particles • Felix d’Herelle (1917): plaque assay • Bawden and Pirie (1935): TMV = protein + RNA • 1939: electron microscopy