Introduction

1. Development of efficient tools for improved surveillance of vectors of Dengue and Chikungunya fever By Eunice A Owino Supervisors Prof.ChristianPirk (UP) Dr. Catherine Sole (UP) Dr. Rosemary Sang (ICIPE) Dr. Baldwyn Torto (ICIPE)

2. Introduction • Arboviruses have become the most important causes of re-emergent epidemic diseases. • Dengue fever causes the highest human morbidity and mortality worldwide. • In East Africa, unprecedented outbreaks of dengue reported in countries around the coast of the Indian Ocean including in; • Kenya, • The Seychelles and • The Comoros islands. • Outbreaks of Chikungunyahave also been reported

3. Introduction • The main vector for Dengue virus (DENV) and Chikungunya virus (CHKIV) in Kenya is Aedesaegypti in the stegomyia subgenus. • Unlike most mosquitoes Aedesaegypti is a diurnal mosquito.

4. Problem statement • Climate change is identified as a major cause of re-emergence. • Global warming poses a likelihood of more outbreaks. • Inter-epidemic surveillance is therefore important for preparedness. • More research also important. • However, currently surveillance tool for these vectors in outbreak areas is CO2-baited Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light trap.

5. Problem statement

6. Problem statement

7. Problem statement • Efficient monitoring methods urgently needed. • Prevent mortality and morbidity.

8. Justification • Ample evidence; blood seeking mosquitoes locate hosts via odours from the host. • Visual cues e.g light have also been used as effective lures to trap mosquitoes. • It would therefore provide a solution if an effective trap would be developed from the two cues – visual and odour cues. • Developed trap would lead to timely preparedness for outbreaks of; • DENV • CHIKV and • Yellow fever virus also spread by Aedesspp • Help in research.

9. Hypotheses • Vectors of Dengue and Chikungunya viruses can effectively be monitored with CDC Light Emitting Diode (LED) traps. • There is a variation in vector response to odour profiles from different humans and to different body regions. • Certain vector species can be monitored effectively with odour baits combined with LED traps. • The Aedesaegypti mosquitoes captured from Kilifi and Busia districts are infected with Dengue and Chikungunya viruses and different genetically.

10. Main Objective • To develop efficient monitoring tools for Dengue and Chikungunya vectors using visual and odour cues.

11. Specific objectives • To evaluate different coloured LED-traps to attract Aedesspp. • To evaluate the attractiveness of different human body odours, isolate and identify electrophysiologically active compounds from the volatiles. • To conduct behavioural studies using the identified compounds in laboratory and field assays for their effect on mosquito response. • To isolate Dengue and Chikungunya viruses from the Aedesaegypti mosquitoes captured from Kilifi and Busia and to evaluate the degree of convergence or divergence of these mosquito populations.

12. Materials and Methods Busia district Kenya Kilifi district Kenya • Non specific

13. Materials and methods • 1 • Compare various LEDs against the Miniature CDC light trap. • Latin square design to be used.

14. Materials and methods • 2. • Odours to be trapped in Nylon socks, T- shirts, Nylon stockings and Nylon strips. • To be tested in combination with the best performing LED. • Highly attractive odour samples to be extracted with dichloromethane

15. Materials and methods • 2 Authentic standard compounds

16. Materials and methods • Blends and concentration of different authentic compounds to be tested in randomized field tests with the best performing LEDs and any other conventional traps.

17. Virus Isolation Testing of mosquito in pools: Samples will be Sorted according to species into pools and each pool subjected to the process below

18. Population genetics To measure divergence or convergence of Aedesaegypti in the two sites Kilifi and Busia

19. Data Analysis • Objective 1 • Counts subjected to Generalised Linear Models (GLM) with log link and Poisson error and the odds that vectors choose a treatment against the control will be estimated at P=0.05 • Objective 2 • Mosquito captures will be subjected to the same analysis as in objective 1.

20. Data Analysis Objective 3 Olfactometer bioassays; Mosquito proportions will be subjected to GLMs with a binomial distribution & analysis of deviance at P=0.05. Field bioassays; Mosquito captures from traps baited by the various blends and concentrations of the different identified chemicals will be subjected to Generalised Linear Models (GLM) with log link and Poisson error and the odds that vectors choose a treatment against the control (Non baited best perfoming LED trap) will be estimated at P=0.05

21. Data Analysis Objective 4. Transmission studies The pooled infection rate (IR) program will be used to estimate infection rates at 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for species from which Chikungunya and Dengue virus will be identified. Population genetics studies Differentiation among populations of Ae. aegypti will be determined by F-statistics (FST) using BIOSYS-1 (Swofford and Selander 1989). The statistical significance of the FST values will be determined using the GENEPOP and Arlequin (Rousset 1997, Excoffieret al. 2005).

22. Budget

23. Time plan

24. THANK YOU