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Enhancing P2P Networks: Efficient Searching with Stacked Virtual Search Rings

Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks are widely utilized for file-sharing, yet their searching mechanisms require enhancement. This research explores and proposes a novel structured approach using Stacked Virtual Search Rings (SVSR), aimed at improving search efficiency by directing queries through linked virtual networks based on file similarity. This approach minimizes duplication, adapts to dynamic network changes, and ensures more targeted searches. By implementing this model, we aim to address common limitations in existing P2P search methods and set a foundation for adaptive network structures.

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Enhancing P2P Networks: Efficient Searching with Stacked Virtual Search Rings

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  1. Structuring P2P networks for efficient searching Rishi Kant and Abderrahim Laabid

  2. Motivation • File-sharing is most popular use of P2P networks • For file-sharing, searching is the most important operation • Structuring P2P networks for efficient searching has not been widely explored

  3. Present P2P search methods

  4. BFS with TTL (Gnutella) Start with TTL = 3 Search file-system for matches 3 2 2 Subtract 1 from TTL 1 1 1 0 TTL > 0? No END Yes Forward request to all neighbors O (min (log N, TTL))

  5. BFS with TTL

  6. Super-nodes (Kazaa) Forward request to nearest super-node Super-node searches central index of files shared by clients connected to it Forward request to all known super-nodes O (log N – log n)

  7. Super-nodes

  8. Problem • Can we formulate a P2P network structure that is better adapted for searching ?

  9. Desirable properties • Efficient • No duplication from loop backs or alternate routes • Provide directed searches • Robust • Minimally affected by network changes • Adaptable • Restructures according to on-going activity

  10. Stacked Virtual Search Rings • One main network responsible for data lookup / transfer given resource ID • On top of main network, construct stack of virtual ring networks that connect “similar” nodes based on some criteria for similarity • Given a search request, find virtual network which most closely matches request and traverse it to find resource IDs

  11. Stacked Virtual Search Rings Virtual networks (Resource lookup) Main network (Data transport)

  12. Observations • Generalized search structure model • BFS with TTL method implemented by having a single VN connecting all nodes • Super-nodes method implemented by having single VN linking all super-nodes

  13. Elimination of duplication • While forwarding request, indicate stop address • Request will not be forwarded beyond stop address • e.g. Request forwarded to 1 will not go beyond 19 • Thus, no duplication 0 1 20 88 57 43

  14. Directed searches • If the criteria for similarity of a VN closely matches the search request, then all the nodes on that VN have a higher probability of finding a match than the nodes not on the VN  more directed search • Example: If criteria for similarity is “Have a file starting with sequence ‘ab’”, and the search request is for ‘abc*’

  15. Advantages • Ring structure of networks prevents unnecessary duplication • Traversing VNs allows for directed searches • Network search structure adapts to on-going requests through restructure of VNs • VN abstraction allows use of any underlying data transport network

  16. New problem • What criteria should be used to link nodes in a VN ?

  17. Proposed solution • Assign each VN a unique ID x1x2x3x4, where each xi is an alphanumeric char • Define surrounding nodes as all nodes within d hops from current node • A node is elected to a VN x1x2x3x4 by its surrounding nodes when a search request is received via pure flooding that matches at least 1 file on one of the surrounding nodes

  18. Proposed solution • All surrounding nodes send the list of files they have that match the sequence x1x2x3x4 to the elected node • The number of VNs that a node may be part of is limited to a reasonable quantity • No keep alive messages are sent for the VN. The structure is verified only when a node is added or removed from a VN.

  19. Operation • The client node looks up its table to find matching VNs • If none found, it locates VNs that match its search request (S) by doing a BFS with TTL • A VN matches S if (*S* matches x1x2x3x4) || (*x1x2x3x4* matches S) • The client node forwards the request to a single node in each of the VNs it found • Within the VNs, the nodes do a BFS with TTL to locate matching resources

  20. Remarks • VNs are constructed based on search requests and content available  adapts • Localized “super-nodes” are elected  faster searching and load balancing • Any node may be elected  all nodes participate in searches • Surrounding nodes between neighboring “super-nodes” may overlap making system more robust to “super-nodes” leaving

  21. Potential problems • If a node is part of 2 VNs which both match S, then the node will get the same request twice • Virtual networks may get fragmented due to lack of keep-alive messages

  22. Future work • Simulations need to be performed to verify and quantify reduction in search overhead • Implementation details need to be analyzed and discussed in more depth

  23. Conclusion • Explored present solutions available • Described SVSR method for structuring P2P networks to optimize searches • Proposed a criteria for constructing VNs

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