The Fighting Begins

1. SC & The Battles of The Revolutionary War8-2.5 Summarize the role of South Carolinians in the course of the American Revolution, including the use of partisan warfare and the battles of Charleston, Camden, Cowpens, Kings Mountain and Eutaw Springs.

2. The Fighting Begins • Fighting began in 1775 in the Northern colonies. • Americans won a decisive victory at Saratoga, NY– • Turning point in war – Americans welcome alliance with France. battle of Saratoga – (9:32)

3. Turning Point – Saratoga, NY

4. Turning Point – Saratoga, NY

5. The fighting continues… • Key conflicts of the American Revolution took place in South Carolina and affected the state and outcome of the War. • Fighting began in 1775 in the Northern colonies, but after the British loss at Saratoga, they decided to try a new strategy…take the South.

6. First Battle of Charleston • Patriot leaders got word the British planned to capture Charles Town. • They decided to build a fort on Sullivan’s Island – Colonel William Moultrie began building a fort of palmetto logs. • British fired and their cannon balls bounced safely off the soft wood. • Americans severely damaged the British ships and renamed the fort, FortMoultrie.

7. Flag of SC… • Sergeant Jasper lifting the flag after it had fallen in the battle---- Colonel Moultrie designed the flag that hung over Sullivan’s Island. It had a silver crescent in the corner. Today it also has a silver palmetto tree in honor of the victory. In 1861 it became the official state flag.

8. First Battle of Charleston

9. Rewind • French & Indian War is the start of America • Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Tea Act all events that led to American Revolution • American victory at Saratoga huge because France forms an alliance with America. • Americans win first battle of Charleston • William Moultrie builds fort out of Palmetto logs • British cannon balls bounce harmlessly off • Palmetto tree on flag represents victory

10. March 29, 1780 Major General Benjamin Lincoln severe blow to the colonies the greatest loss of manpower and equipment of the war for the Americans gave the British nearly complete control of the Southern colonies Siege of Charleston

11. British Mistreat Colonists

12. British Response to SC • British hoped that they would gain control of the state through large numbers of state Loyalists and the neutral colonists to help win the war • But, the British changed their parole terms and forced paroled Patriots to take up arms against their countrymen • At the same time, the British, along with American Tories, treated SC harshly: they burned churches, looted & confiscated homes, harassed and exiled citizens • This behavior turned South Carolinians against the British. Partisan bands were formed as a result

13. PARTISAN TROOPS SUMTER MARION PICKENS

14. Patriot partisans led by Francis Marion, Thomas Sumter, Andrew Pickens, & William Harden were fighting both the British regular troops and the Loyalists forces using hit & run tactics all over the state

16. Battle of Camden • a major defeat for the regular Continental Army because it signified that almost all of South Carolina was controlled by the British • The South Carolina militia was not prepared and turned and fled in the face of the regular British forces

17. Horatio Gates’ command of the southern arm of the Continental Army was then transferred to Nathaniel Greene • Greene understood the need to coordinate with the work of the state’s partisans in order to fight a destructive war of attrition [termed today a “mobile war”] that would unbalance and eventually destroy the British war effort. British Troops after the Battle of Camden

18. Battle of King’s Mountain

19. Battle of Kings Mountain The Scotch-Irish and the Battle of Kings Mountain – YouTube (8:16)

20. Battle of Kings Mountain • After the British victory at Camden, Cornwallis sent Major Patrick Ferguson, Commander of the Loyalists, into the SC Up-country to rid the area of Patriots. • Ferguson was ambushed by North & South Carolina mountain-men at Kings Mountain on October 7, 1780. • Using guerrilla warfare, the Patriots killed Ferguson along with 1,100 of his men. • The British tried to surrender, but were offered no quarter by the Patriots in retaliation of the harsh treatment the British had bestowed upon the Patriots throughout SC • Kings Mountain is considered the turning point of the war in the south. From this point on, the British began retreating from the interior of SC.

21. Battle of King’s Mountain – The Turning Point in the War

22. Battle of Cowpens Battle of Cowpens – YouTube (2:18)

23. Battle of Cowpens • The Battle of Cowpens showed the cooperation of the regular Continental Army and the partisan forces. • Partisans had a reputation of turning tail and running (think Camden Cowards). Americans counted on this rep for the battle plan. • The partisans, led by Andrew Pickens, led the attack and then fled, tricking the British into thinking the Americans were retreating. Instead, the partisans lured the British forces into the guns of the regular American army. • British were defeated-retreated toward Virginia.

24. Colonel Isaac Hayne • Partisan parolee Colonel Isaac Hayne was captured near Charleston in July 1781 • The British used his punishment as an example to help stem the Patriot advance • They hanged him as a traitor of the British crown after only a brief trial • Nathaniel Greene issued a proclamation stating that he would retaliate against the British forces.

26. Battle of Eutaw Springs • Was neither the last of 137 battles fought in the state, nor a technical victory because of the unsoldierly plundering behavior of the hungry and nearly naked Continentals • the irreplaceable British troop losses made it strategically the final major battle in the beleaguered state. • While current sources often disagree in their final assessment of who won the battle itself, there is no question about its evaluation by the Patriot cause. • American contemporaries viewed the Battle of Eutaw Springs in the very least as a Pyrrhic victory for the British because it marked the clearance of the British from the battleground state and region (with the exception of a few coastal enclaves that were finally evacuated after Yorktown and during the peace proceedings in 1782) and thus the demise of the British southern campaign.

27. Victory at Yorktown • After the British defeat at Cowpens, General Cornwallis was forced to leave SC and retreat to Yorktown, VA hoping to re-supply his troops and later gain a better hold on the south. • At this same time, Washington, with help from the French (Reminder: The French sided with ANYONE against the British), cut off Yorktown peninsula from the main land. • French navy cut off peninsula by sea.

28. Victory at Yorktown Liberty`s Kids #36 Yorktown – YouTube(21:37)

29. Cornwallis was held under siege for weeks. No supplies reached him because of the French naval blockade. • In early October, Patriots prepared for an attack on Cornwallis – his troops were weak from starvation. • Fearing defeat, Cornwallis surrendered October 19, 1781, ending the Revolutionary War.

30. In June 1781, reps from the Continental Congress began peace negotiations with the British. • American delegates were John Jay, John Adams, Henry Laurens, & Benjamin Franklin. • The Treaty of Paris took 2 years to work out. • George Washington stated, “The citizens of America are…possessed of absolute freedom and independency.” The Treaty of Paris

31. Conditions/Provisions of the Treaty of Paris, 1783 1. Established British recognition of the United States. 2. Established the borders as north to the Great Lakes, west to the Mississippi River & south to Spanish Florida. 3. Allowed for Americans to settle west of the original 13 colonies.

33. Review • Why was American victory at Saratoga so important? • Who were the three leaders of the Partisan Troops? • What battle was the turning point of the war in SC? • What made the Battle of Camden so unique?

34. Writing Prompt: Describe the outcome of the Revolutionary War in SC.