India:

1. SSWH2 The student will identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500 CE. a. Describe the development of Indian civilization; include the rise and fall of the Maurya Empire, the “Golden Age” under Gupta, and the emperor Ashoka. b. Explain the development and impact of Hinduism and Buddhism on India and subsequent diffusion of Buddhism. c. Describe the development of Chinese civilization under the Zhou and Qin. d. Explain the impact of Confucianism on Chinese culture; include the examination system, the Mandate of Heaven, the status of peasants, the status of merchants, and the patriarchal family, and explain diffusion to Southeast Asia, Japan, and Korea. e. Explain how the geography of the Indian Subcontinent contributed to the movement of people and ideas.

2. India: Around 1500BC, tribes of people known as Aryans began to arrive in the Indus Valley (in modern Pakistan). Gradually they spread across northern India and settled down.

3. Two enduring features of Indian civilization, which are Hinduism and the caste system, originated with the Aryans The Sanskrit written language was also developed by the Aryans.

4. Hinduism... Shiva the destroyer

5. Key Parts of Hinduism: 1. They worship many gods (Polytheistic) 2. Their holy books are called Vedas and their writings are important to Hindus 3. Hinduism is the primary religion in India 4. They implore yoga to help achieve moksha 5. Hinduism REINFORCES the caste system 6. Hindus believe in REINCARNATION

6. Hindu Caste System

7. In the 6th Century BC, a doctrine called Buddhism developed as a rival to Hinduism. BUDDHISM: --The founder is a man named Siddhartha Gautama, who eventually became known as the Buddha(which means the enlightened one). --He was from a wealthy family (a prince in fact) but saw the sorrow in the world around him and rejected the Hindu belief in multiple gods as well as their rigid caste system.

8. Key Parts of Buddhism -- Instead he preached his four noble truths, emphasizing the need to search for wisdom as a way to end suffering and achieve nirvana 1. No reincarnation 2. NO caste system 3. Meditation as a way to achieve nirvana 4. four noble truths and eight fold path 5. spreads out of India, though some in India still practice it.

10. Hinduism Buddhism

11. Empires in India: In 500BC, northern India was made up of many small kingdoms but in 321 BC a warrior named Chandragupta Maurya seized one of these kingdoms and eventually conquered most of India. The Empire was its largest under his grandson Asoka though.

12. **Asoka spent 11 years expanding his empire before he realized that the bloodshed needed to stop and he converted to Buddhism. He promised to rule his people with kindness and carved that promise in pillars all over his empire

14. When Asoka died The Kushan Kingdom replaced the Mauryan dynasty as the major regional power, though they did NOT control their land. The Kushans prospered due to the 4,000-mile Silk Road that passed through their territory.

15. Lets look at the items on the silk road:EXTRA CREDIT OPPORTUNITY What the item is (description and image), where it came from, where it is going to

16. **In 320 AD a group called the Guptas took over the area the Mauryans controlled. The reign of the Guptas is referred to as a "Golden Age" since there was so much development in art, music and dance. Nomadic Huns eventually put an end to the good fortunes of the Guptas, and the empire dissolved.

17. 560-480- Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) lives 272-231- Asoka is Emperor 320-535- The Gupta Empire thrives 535- Huns invaded and took over Gupta Empire 185- The Mayuran Empire collapses 1500- The Aryans arrive in India 321- Chindragupta Maurya sets up the Mayuran Empire

20. Chinese Empires Historians traditionally consider the founding of the Xia dynasty over 4000 years ago as the beginning of Chinese civilization, though it may not have existed and little is known about it.

21. It was replaced by the 
​Shang dynasty, in which 
​aristocratic warlords helped 
​govern, while peasants 
​farmed the land.

22. Following the Shang, the Zhou, 
​claimed to rule by a Mandate of 
​Heaven. Which is a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

23. Under the Zhou, irrigation and improved farming methods led to increased food production. The Zhou kings allowed noble families to own land in return for their loyalty and helps in times of war (feudalism). Eventually the nobles got power hungry and started to take control as well as land.

24. Toward the end of the Zhou dynasty, 
​three major Chinese philosophies 
​developed; Confucianism, Daoism, 
​and Legalism. Let's write our birthday in Chinese!

25. Daoism (Taoism) Confucianism Legalism

26. Confucianism Founded By: Kong Fuzi, aka Confucius around 500 BCE in China. Deity: None Sacred Texts: Analects, the Five Classics, the Four Books. Confucius said heaven and the afterlife were beyond human capacity to understand, and one should therefore concentrate instead on doing the right thing in this life. The earliest records from his students indicate that he did not provide many moral precepts; rather he taught an attitude toward one's fellow humans of respect, particularly respect for one's parents, teachers, and elders (the five relationships). The Confucian tradition was instrumental in shaping Chinese social relationships and moral thought. Thus even without deities and a vision of salvation, Confucianism plays much the same role as religion does in other cultural contexts.

27. Taoism/Daoism Founded by Laozi (Lao Tzu)** around 550 B.C.E. Deity : Pantheistic (While Taoists recognize a vast pantheon of gods and goddesses, they do not acknowledge any that are omnipotent or eternal. All the gods, including Laozi, are divine emanations of celestial energy) Taoism, also known as Daoism, is often associated with the Daode jing (Tao Te Ching), a philosophical and political text purportedly written by Laozi (Lao Tzu). The Daode jing focuses on dao as a "way" or "path" — that is, the appropriate way to behave and to lead others; the Daode jing also refers to Tao as something that existed "before Heaven and Earth," from which all forms emerged. Taoism did not exist as an organized religion until the Way of the Celestial Masters sect was founded in 142 C.E. by Zhang Daoling. A harmonious relationship between nature, humanity, and the divine is emphasized, and are concerned with appropriate behavior and ways of leading and governing others.

28. Legalism Philosophical belief that human beings are more inclined to do wrong than right because they are motivated entirely by self interest. Developed by the philosopher Han Feizi (c. 280 - 233 BCE) who drew on earlier writings of the Warring States Period of China. Legalism holds that human beings are essentially bad because they are inherently selfish. No one, unless forced to, willingly sacrifices for another. According to the precepts of Legalism, if it is in one's best interest to kill another person, that person will most probably be killed. In order to prevent such deaths, a ruler had to create a body of laws which would direct people's natural inclination of self-interest toward the good of the state. They believe laws direct one's natural inclinations for the betterment of all. The person who wants to kill their neighbor is prevented by law but would be allowed to kill others by joining the army. In this way the person's selfish desires are gratified and the state benefits by having a dedicated soldier

29. Confucianism:

30. The single most important Confucian work. Focus on practicalities of interpersonal relationships and the relationship of the role of rulers and ministers to the conduct of government.

31. Knowing what he knows and knowing what he doesn't know is characteristics of the person who knows. Making a mistake and not correcting it, is making another mistake. The superior man blames himself; the inferior man blames others. To go too far is as wrong as to fall short.

32. Daoism: Yin and Yang

33. Looking at ALL three:

34. What is your Philosophy of rule? On a separate sheet of paper...Write a paragraph using the following: Pretend you are now the ruler of China: Choose your philosophy of rule from Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism. Which did you pick? Why? Would you have chosen something different if you were NOT the ruler? Why or why not? *Turn in When finished!

35. By around 480BC China was made up of 7 kingdoms who were constantly at war with each other., By 22BC the kingdom of Qin had conquered them all and the king of the Qin controlled a huge empire He called himself Qin Shi Huangdi (which means the First Emperor of China)

36. The Qin dynasty adopted Legalism and political power became more 
​centralized and bureaucratic. The Emperor created a monetary system where everyone used the same type of coins and the same weights and measures, this made trade easier. He promoted manufacturing, particularly silk cloth.

37. He built a vast network of roads and canals to connect the different parts of his Empire and he started the building of the Great Wall of China. Politically: He provided a single law code for the whole empire. Established a uniform tax system. Appointed governors to exercise military and legal powers in each district and Governors named officials for smaller regions

38. Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi built the wall to protect him from the Huns who tried to invade fro the north. The Great Wall is still the largest man made structure in the world!

40. Click me! :) Terracota Army

41. The Han Dynasty-Origins 210 BC: Shi Huangdi died; son is ineffective as ruler 202 BC: Liu Bang declared himself emperor of the Han The Han Dynasty would rule China for 400 years 195 BC: Emperor Liu Bang dies; son rules in name only, as his mother the Empress Lu leads China 141-87 BC: Wudi becomes emperor, and becomes the longest ruling Han Emperor

43. Chinese Society under the Han will change, as a part of the Civil Service System. Does such a thing exist in the US???

44. *Scholar Gentry: Land Owners who are part of the politically and economically elite

45. Do you think paper was a key contribution of the Chinese to world history? Why or Why not?

46. Politically the Han... Emphasized importance of creating a large, highly skilled bureaucracy. (130,000 bureaucrats) Han Wudi established exams for his bureaucrats, the first civil service exam.

47. He established a school to train men of exceptional talent and ability for the national exams. (Confucianism) Individuals from lower ranks were occasionally recruited. (taking some power away from the upper class) Han bureaucratic system lasted until 20th century.

48. Confucianism became an important part of the Han Dynasty: The Analects (the Confucian doctrine) was revived under the Han emperors. The Han saw usefulness of Confucian emphasis on political virtue and social order. Confucian learning was incorporated into Han training of bureaucrats. Reminder: Confucianism was primarily a system of ethics—do unto others as your status and theirs dictate—and a plea for loyalty to the community. It confirmed the distaste that many educated Chinese had developed for religious mysteries, as well as their delight in learning and good manners. Confucian doctrine, carefully recorded in a book called the Analects, was revived under the Han emperors who saw the usefulness of Confucian emphasis on political virtue and social order. Confucian learning was also incorporated along with traditional literary works into the training of aspiring bureaucrats.

49. Women and Family Roles: During Han dynasty, patriarchal family was enhanced through importance of filial piety and women’s subordination to men. Confucian Classic of Filial Piety taught that children should obey and honor their parents and superiors. Tight family organization helped solidify economic and social views as well as political life.

50. Stressed authority to extremes. Confucius said, “There are no wrongdoing parents.” (Law courts did not prosecute parents who injured or killed children). Culture stressed strict control of one’s emotions. Family was at center of orderly hierarchy.