1. Geographical distances and support from family members Clara H. Mulder and Marieke van der Meer

2. The issue Family support in individualising societies with less generous welfare states Distances to family members might grow (globalising labour market?)

3. Questions To what extent does geographical distance to parents, siblings and children living outside the household influence the receipt of support from them? To what extent does the availability of other family members living closer play a part in this receipt of support?

4. Definition of support Helping repeatedly (in last 3 months) with household chores (shopping, cooking, cleaning)

5. Hypotheses Distance: • Greater distance, less support • Less distance decay for closest kin (mothers, children)

6. Hypotheses Alternative caregivers: • Living closest, more support • (Closer) kin nearby, less support

7. Data Netherlands Kinship Panel Study (NKPS), wave 1: Main sample (N = 8161) Units of analysis: dyads of potential recipient and potential caregiver (only those not in the same household)

8. Data • Fathers: 2937 dyads • Mothers: 4159 dyads • Children: 4172 dyads • Siblings: 9691 dyads

9. Method • Separate logistic regressions of receiving support from father, mother, children, siblings. Controls included • Children, siblings: standard errors adjusted for clustering in families • To be done: simultaneous models for father and mother

10. Results (1)

11. Results (2)

12. Conclusions • Distance important, but less so for mothers and children • Living closest important for mothers, siblings • Some substitution between family members, particularly between parents and siblings