American Imperialism

1. American Imperialism Chapter 22 Pg 692

2. The Essential Question • How did America’s growing power affect its relationships with other nations?

3. Vocabulary Words • Imperialism: Policy by which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker nations. • William Seward: Secretary of State under President Lincoln and Andrew Johnson; purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 • Pearl Harbor: Hawaiian port; granted by 1887 treaty to the United States for use as a refueling station for U.S. ships.

4. Vocabulary (Continued) • Yellow Journalism: style of journalism that exaggerates or sensationalizes the news. • U.S.S. Maine: U.S. warship that exploded off Havana Cuba on Feb. 15, 1898 • Spanish American War: 1898 war that began when the United States demanded Cuba’s independence. • George Dewey: U.S. naval officer who defeated the Spanish fleet during the Spanish American War. • Rough Riders: members of the first U.S> volunteer cavalry, organized by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War. • Platt Amendment: agreement stating the United States’ right to intervene in Cuban affairs • Anti-Imperialist League: group of influential Americans who believed the United States should not deny other people the right to govern themselves.

5. Vocabulary (Continued) • Sphere of Influence: areas where foreign nations claim special and economic privileges. • Open Door Policy: U.S. policy proposed in 1899 which states that no single country should have a monopoly on trade with China. • Boxer Rebellion: 1900 nationalist uprising in China • Panama Canal: Canal through the isthmus of Panama that connects the Atlantic and Pacific. • Roosevelt Corollary: Unites States claim of right to interfere in the affairs of Latin American countries.

6. America Becomes an Imperial Power • Can someone tell me what Manifest Destiny means? • Since very early in U.S. history many Americans believed that it was their manifest-destiny or “God given right” to push America westward all the way to the Pacific Ocean. • Once this goal had been achieved, Americans began to look overseas for additional sources of wealth.

7. Reasons for U.S. Expansion • By the late 1800’s the imperialist powers in Europe had already established many colonies, and the U.S. was eager to catch up with them. • European countries had been establishing colonies for centuries, more importantly, they benefited financially from taking over other territories.

8. Reasons for Expansion • “Many supporters of expansionism argued that it would increase the nations financial prosperity, strengthen the nations military, and spread democratic ideas. They also firmly believed in the superiority of Western cultures.” • Basically, Americans wanted to get more money, enlarge the military, and spread their culture.

10. Reasons for Expansion

11. American Expansionism • Alaska: (America acquires Alaska) • William Seward was a strong backer of American Imperialism (Expansionism) he bought Alaska from Russia in 1867. • He was criticized for buying Alaska for $7.2 million… Newspapers called Alaska, “Seward’s Ice Box” • This turned out to be a good buy, for about twenty-two cents an acre the U.S. acquired a land rich in minerals, timber, and oil.

12. American Expansionism • Hawaii ( America Annexes Hawaii) • In the early 1800’s American missionaries had gone to Hawaii to try to convert the local population to Christianity. • Some of the missionaries decedents’ established sugar plantations in Hawaii. • By the end of the 1800’s American planters dominated Hawaii’s economy.

13. American Expansionism • Hawaii (The Annexation of Hawaii) • In 1891 Queen Liliuokalani became the ruler of Hawaii and tried to limit the power of the American planters. • The American planters were not happy with the limitations that the Queen established and in 1893 the planters staged a revolt and with the help of U.S. Marines, they overthrew the Queen. • The planters then asked the United States to Annex Hawaii. • President Grover Cleveland did not agree with what the planters had done and did not annex Hawaii - He tried to restore the Queen. • Hawaii was not annexed until 1898, during the presidency of William McKinley. • Hawaii was valuable to the U.S. because it became an important naval base in the Pacific.

14. Stop & Think • Explain the U.S. acquisition of Alaska, and interest in Hawaii. • Alaska offered rich resources and Hawaii had value as a naval base.

15. The Spanish – American War • America’s Interest in Cuba • When the English colonies were established in the U.S. Spain was a very powerful monarchy and had colonies around the world… • But by the 1890’s Spain was much weaker and the Spanish Empire was falling apart – they only had a couple colonies including those in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico... And many of those people had begun to demand their independence.

16. America’s Interest in Cuba • Both Puerto Rico and Cuba had strong cultural ties with Spain, however bad economic conditions in Cuba angered many Cubans, and Cuba had a history of rebellions against Spain. • Cuba fought several rebellions against Spain to try to gain their independence.

17. America’s Interest in Cuba • Many American capitalists began investing a lot of money in the sugar plantations on the island. • Cuba’s economy depended on Sugar, and the United States was Cuba’s main market. • However, the U.S. eventually placed a large tariff (tax) on Cuban sugar and the Cuban economy was destroyed.

18. Cubans Rebel • Because of the bad economic conditions, many Cubans, under Jose Marti rebelled against Spain • Spain treated the rebels and other Cubans harshly, Many Cubans were forced from their homes (over 300,000 Cubans were sent to Concentration Camps.) Thousands died of starvation and disease.

19. Yellow Journalism • Many newspapers back home began reporting on the issues in Cuba… many exaggerated, or sensationalized the harsh conditions that were taking place in Cuba and many Americans were outraged and demanded that the U.S. get involved. • While the truth was that many Cubans were treated harshly during this time period, the newspapers really did exaggerate it, for example one newspaper of the time claimed that Spain was poisoning the wells in Cuba and that the children were being fed to the sharks. This deepened American sympathy for the rebels.

20. America Declares War • William McKinley, the U.S. President during that time did not want to go to war. • “I have been through war,” he told a friend, “I have seen the dead piled up, and I do not want to see another.” • But American public opinion forced him to take action…he demanded that Spain halt its harsh treatment of Cubans, and he also sent the U.S. battleship U.S.S Maine to Cuba to protect the Americans there…

21. “Remember the Maine” • On Feb 15th 1898 The U.S.S. Maine exploded off the coast of Havana Cuba and 266 American soldiers died – (no one really knows what caused this ship to sink, however many of the journalists of the time blamed Spain) today, many historians believe that the U.S.S. Maine exploded by accident • “Remember the Maine became the call to arms.” – War was inevitable…

22. “U.S.S Maine”

24. The Battles for the Philippines and Cuba • Although the U.S. primarily went to war with Spain to help free Cuba… • The first major battle of the Spanish American War was fought in the Philippines. • The Philippines also had a history of revolting against Spain.

25. The Battle in the Philippines • On April 30th 1898 the U.S. fleet in the Pacific made its way to the Philippines and on the next day George Dewey gave the order to attack the Spanish fleet at Manila, the Philippine capital. • In 7 hours Dewey's fleet had destroyed the entire Spanish fleet. • About 380 Spanish soldiers were dead or wounded… No Americans died.

26. War in the Caribbean • When the Spanish American War began the U.S. army consisted of 28,000 men, within four months, over 200,000 men had joined. • Among those who volunteered to fight in the Spanish American War was future president Theodore Roosevelt who organized the first voluntary cavalry known as the Rough Riders. • Its recruits included cowboys, miners, college students, New York policemen, athletes, and Native Americans.

27. The War Comes to and End • The Spanish American War did not last very long at all, the war lasted only 16 weeks, and of the 300,000 American soldiers who served in the war only 5,400 died…of this number, only 379 were battle casualties, while the rest died of disease and other causes. In fact, Secretary of State John Hay referred to it as… • “a splendid little war”

28. The Treaty of Paris • On December 10th 1898 the United States and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris. The treaty called for… • 1. Cuba would become independent • 2. Spain would give Puerto Rico and the pacific island of Guam to the U.S. • 3. The U.S. would pay Spain $20 million for the annexation of the Philippine Islands.

29. The New American Empire • The question of what to do with the Philippines after its annexation to the United States was a very difficult one. • Filipinos had fought along side the United States in the war against Spain thinking that they were fighting for their independence…but after the war President McKinley, “in the spirit of imperialism” decided that they should “just take them all” [the Philippines.] So after the war the Filipinos just found themselves under a new ruler… the United States.

30. Filipinos fight back • Filipinos were very discouraged when they learned that they would be ruled by the U.S. • Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo began to fight against their new colonial rulers. • American troops were not able to put down the Filipino rebellion until 1902

31. Cuba • Cuba was granted its independence by the Treaty of Paris, however remained under the control of the U.S. military… (to safeguard Cuba?) • The American position was that if the U.S. were to pull its troops out of Cuba too soon it would jeopardize Cuban stability.

32. Cuba • Cuba was forced to add the Platt amendment to its constitution • The Platt Amendment gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs anytime there was a threat to, “life, property, and individual liberty.” • Cuba also had to allow a naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

33. Puerto Rico • Puerto Rico became a U.S. territory • The U.S. created a government in Puerto Rico and appointed all the top officials. • There were some small scale rebellions in Puerto Rico led by Luis Munoz Rivera • In 1917 the United States agreed to make Puerto Rico a self governing territory, allowed them to have an independent government,and granted U.S. citizenship to all Puerto Ricans. • Luis Munoz Rivera helped Puerto Rico gain an independent government.

34. The Anti-Imperialist League • The way the U.S. treated Spain’s former colonies after the war disappointed many people in the U.S. • Several influential Americans, including former president Grover Cleveland, businessman Andrew Carnegie, and Social reformer Jane Adams were among its members. • Members in the league believed that America should not deny other countries the right to govern themselves.

35. An end to the Anti-Imperialist League • The voice of the Anti-Imperialist League was silenced because of the widespread approval of imperialism. • Most Americans were for imperialism because they wanted to build the “American Empire” • Many Americans hoped to surpass the glory of the former “Spanish Empire.”

36. Stop & Think • What Role did the newspapers play in leading to the Spanish American War? • Newspapers printed exaggerated stories about Spanish cruelty, which made Americans feel sorry for the Cubans and demand the U.S. get involved.

37. Stop & Think • Where was the first major battle during the Spanish American War? • The Philippines

38. Stop & Think • What did the Filipino people believe as they were fighting side by side with Americans during the Spanish American War? • They believed that they were fighting for their independence and that the U.S. was helping them become a free country.

39. Stop & Think • What Happened to the Philippines after the War? • They became an American Colony.

40. Stop & Think • Where is the U.S. naval base Guantanamo Bay? • Cuba • Why did U.S. leaders require Cuba to sign the Platt Amendment • Because they wanted the power to interfere in Cuban affairs.

41. Okay – Now here is a hard one • How did the U.S. betray its democratic principals by adding the Platt Amendment to the Cuban Constitution? • The United States claimed to stand for freedom, but by adding the Platt Amendment they were limiting the freedom of Cuba.

42. Stop & think • What happened to Puerto Rico after the War? • It became a U.S. territory • Who helped Puerto Rico gain an independent government • Luis Munoz Rivera

43. A power in the Pacific • In the 1890’s Japan proved to be a power in the Pacific after a successful war with China. • After the Chinese-Japanese War Japan really expanded its sphere of influence in China… what does this mean? • Japan had its own part of China where only they can trade.

45. Spheres of Influence with China • By the 1890’s France, Germany, Britain, Japan, and Russia had already established prosperous settlements along the coast of China. • They also enjoyed exclusive rights to railroad construction and mining development in China. • So basically, all of these other countries are making money of off China…what do you think the U.S. is going to want to do?

46. The U.S. interest in China • The United States wanted to have their own Sphere of Influence with China… • What does this mean? • Secretary of State John Hay was worried that the U.S. would not benefit from trade with China so he asked all the other countries to allow an Open Door Policy with regard to trade with China – What does this mean?

47. U.S. asks for an Open Door Policy • As you already know, the U.S. wanted to trade with China but all of the other powers already had extensive spheres of influence with China… so the U.S. secretary of State John Hay asked all of the countries involved in trade with China to follow an open door policy with regard to trade with China. • This meant that no single country would have a monopoly in trade with China…that is, that every country would have equal access to trade with China. • Most countries reluctantly accepted the open door policy.

48. The Boxer Rebellion • A secret society of people in China called the “Boxers” became very angry with the spread of Western influences in China. They were especially upset because of the special treatment that the foreigners were given and with how those foreigners showed disrespect towards their culture. They started a revolt to try to kick out the “foreign devil.” This led to the Boxer Rebellion. • The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising in China where the “Boxers” tried to get rid of the foreign influence in China…they failed, the rebellion was put down by an international force including the U.S. – 230 foreigners and thousands of Chinese people died as a result of the rebellion.

49. America Secures the Philippines • U.S. imperialists saw the taking of the Philippines as a gateway to the rest of Asia, especially China. (China was seen as a potential large market for American products.) • An Indiana senator is quoted as saying, “The Philippines are ours forever…and just beyond the Philippines are China’s [unlimited] markets. We will not retreat from either…The power that rules the Pacific is the power that rules the world.” • What do you think this quote means?

50. U.S. interests in Latin America • As the U.S. became a world power, and as it sought to increase trade with China, and improve communication with the U.S. colonies in the Pacific, it became imperative for the U.S. to find a shorter way to get from the East Coast of the U.S. to Asia. • What is the U.S. going to do to make trade routes shorter and increase trade in Asia?