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The Chapter 1 Student Notes Packet

The Chapter 1 Student Notes Packet. __________ way of using ________ to learn about the Natural world Body of _______ built up after years of research. 1-1 What is Science?. Section 1-1. to investigate and understand the __________ To _______ events in the Natural World

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The Chapter 1 Student Notes Packet

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  1. The Chapter 1 Student Notes Packet

  2. __________ way of using ________ to learn about the Natural world Body of _______ built up after years of research 1-1 What is Science? Section 1-1

  3. to investigate and understand the __________ To _______ events in the Natural World To use those ______to make useful __________ What is the Goal of Science? Section 1-1

  4. 1. Usually begins with an __________ To make an observation you must use? 2. Using the five basic senses: Ex: _____ ______ _____ _____ _____ These observations may lead to an Inference. What is an inference? An inference is ____________________ ___________________________________ What might be a Scientist’s most basic tools? Section Outline Section 1-1

  5. Observation v. Inference Provide 5 observations

  6. Observation v. Inference Provide 5 observations

  7. Cheating legally??(Did he say cheating ???) Scientists commonly use Greek/Latin roots to make up words. Lets make a list of some:

  8. Biology • The study of _______ _________ • Sound smart call Living things _________ "Bios"= ________ "ology"= _______

  9. 1.1 Using the Life’s “Levels of Organization” organize the following terms from least complex to most. • HINT: start with Atom and end with Biosphere

  10. Levels Of Organization Individual living thing Bison Tissues, organs, and organ systems Nervous system Brain Nervous tissue Smallest functional unit of life Nerve cell Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds DNA Water

  11. Levels of Organization Biosphere The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems Biosphere Community and its nonliving surroundings Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air Populations that live together in a defined area Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area Bison herd

  12. Question: Why is Tautuga alive?

  13. I. Studying Life A. Characteristics of Living Things 1. Made Up of _________ 2. _________ 3. Based on a _________ _________ 4. Growth and _________ 5. Need for Materials and _________ 6. Response to the Environment 7. Maintaining _________ _________ 8. _________

  14. What is not Evolution?

  15. The Virus Conundrum Why is a virus not considered a living organism??

  16. The Need for _______ and ______ • Each living cell has ways to _______ and ________ energy from its surroundings • Re: your metabolism is more then eating!!!! but • ______________can synthesize their own food from simple raw materials. • (autotrophs) • Ex: __________ __________ • ________ Cannot synthesize their own food • (Heterotrophs) • Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, DECOMPOSERS

  17. Materials and Energy 10% Rule Energy Input Producers Making their own food Energy loss Nutrient Cycles • Consumers +Decomposers Energy output

  18. 6. How do you Respond to the Environment • ________ and the stimuli they receive allow controlled responses to be made: • __________ and_________, • harmful substances, • Varying food supplies. • _____________ refers to a state in which the conditions of the “_________ _________” are maintained within tolerable limits. • Increased sugar causes insulin release, which stimulates cells to take up sugar. • Decreased blood sugar causes another hormone to call on stored sugar reserves.

  19. ALL living organisms must carry out Life Functions Nutrition Synthesis life functions Growth Transport Regulation Respiration Excretion Reproduction

  20. What is the difference between a Theory and a Law? • __________ ____- statement that describes some aspect of a phenomena of nature. • Irrefutable: that is always true. • ________: well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

  21. What are some accepted Theories (once accepted) . . . . . . .

  22. The Cell The cell is the basic ______ __ _____. Smallest living unit (that is known) Yet Scientists still Question: Viruses Prion Most cells contain __________ (tiny organs) ________, ________, _________

  23. The Cell Theory Three Principles, The cell: 1. ________________________________ 2. ________________________________ 3._________________________________ Three Exceptions: _____________ _____________ Some self replicating organelles Chloroplast and mitochondria

  24. Scientific Inquiry

  25. Scientific Method • A systematic approach to solving problems : 1. Defining the ____________ 2. Formulating a __________ 3. Testing the ____________ 4. Recording _____________ 5. State a ______________ (sometime edit your hypothesis)

  26. How can you test your hypothesis • Defining the problem • Hypothesis –a possible explanation for events. • Experimentation (Testing the hypothesis) a._________________ (no change) a source for comparison b. _________________ (contains variables) *________________ Variable (Manipulated) *________________Variable (responding) #’s * Controlled Variables??? 4.State a conclusion

  27. Section Outline Do Now: Compare and contrast Section 1-2 Manipulated and responding variables variables 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 1.

  28. Designing an Experiment Section 1-2 Do Now State the Problem Attempt to fill in the following Set Up a Controlled Experiment Analyze Results Publish Results

  29. Use Do Now for help!!!!! Figure 1-8 Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation Section 1-2 OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat. HYPOTHESIS: __________________________________________ Control GroupExperimental Group PROCEDURE Uncovered jars Covered jars Controlled Variables: ??? Several days pass Manipulated Variables: ??? Responding Variable: ??? CONCLUSION:

  30. 1–4 Tools and Procedures Section Outline Section 1-4 A Common Measurement System, 1. Metrics , (USE DINO PPT) B. Analyzing Biological Data Microscopes • Hand lens • Light Microscopes • Dissecting Microscope • Electron Microscopes • SEM • TEM C. Laboratory Techniques 1. Cell Cultures 2. Cell Fractionation D. Working Safely in Biology

  31. A. Presenting data Making a Graph From A Data Table Section 1-4 Water Released and Absorbed by Tree Absorbed by Roots (g/h) Released by Leaves (g/h) 20 Water released by leaves Time 15 8 AM 1 2 10 Relative Rates (g/h) 10 AM 5 1 12 12 PM 4 5 2 PM 6 17 Water absorbed by roots 4 PM 9 16 0 6 PM 14 10 8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 2 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM 8 PM 10 3 Time

  32. Section 1-4 A. System International (SI) base unit (metrics)

  33. 1-4B. Analyzing Biological Data Types of Microscopes • _________ ___ • _________ Microscope • _______ Microscopes • _______ Microscopes • SEM (scanning) • TEM (transmitting)

  34. 1. _________ ____ -Has 1 lens -Magnification: 1-10x -Used for field research -Inexpensive 2. _____ ____ -aka stereoscope -Has 2 lens -Magnification:10-40x -3d and cheap A. Simple microscopes

  35. 3. Compound Light Microscope 1. Uses two lenses a) Ocular (eyepiece) 10x b) Objectives, -Low power (40x) -Medium power (100x) -High power (400x) 2. Magnifies 40x to 500x the original size 3. Light passes through object 4. Used to look at the whole cell and organelles like the nucleus and chloroplast

  36. X = What is the math behind Magnification? Ocular magnification Objective magnification Total magnification (10x) Obj (40x)

  37. Total Magnification: Magnifications: • ocular 10x • low power objective = 4x • Medium objective = 10x • high power objective = 40x • SOOOoooo • The low power magnification is? 40x • The medium power magnification is? 100x • The high power magnification is? 400x

  38. Imagery: • When placing a slide under the objective lens, the image appears: • -Magnified • -Upside down • -Inverted (backwards) Ex: e  F 

  39. 2. Electron Microscopes • Using magnets and beams of electrons this microscope magnifies 250,000x • Two types: • .______ • .______ • Allows for detailed observation of smallorganelles within the cell. • Like the mitochondria and lysosomes.

  40. Centrifuge micro dissection instruments Stains Indicators The Scientific Method Other Biological Tools

  41. Centrifuge • Tool used to separate cell parts based on density and centripetal force.

  42. Micro dissection Instruments • Tools used to perform dissection of individual cells or the removal of cell organelles. • Most commonly used with the Electron microscope (greatest magnification).

  43. Staining Techniques • The use of solutions to make it more possible for an observer to see structures of a cell easier under a microscope 1. Iodine- used primarily to stain nucleus of animal cell. 2. Methylene blue- used primarily to view chloroplasts and the cell wall of a plant cell. 2 1

  44. Indicators: Designed to detect specific materials INDICATORS DETECTS • Iodine/ Lugols solution  Starch • Benedicts solution  Glucose • Biuret solution  Proteins • Bromomethyl blue  Carbon dioxide and Lime water • Litmus paper  acids or bases

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